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These are the function, whose value repeats after a fixed constant interval called period, and which makes a class of a widely used function.
A function f of x, such that:
f(T + x) = f(x) ∀ x ε domain of f.
The least positive real value of T for, which above relation is true, is called the fundamental period or just the period of the function.
e.g. for f(x) = sin x ∀ x ε R.
We know that sin (2∏ + x) = sin x, ∀ x ε R
so f(x) = sin x is a periodic function with a period of 2∏ radians.
(i) If f(x) is periodic with period p, then a f(x) + b, where a, b ε R (a≠0) is also a periodic function with period p.
(ii) If f(x) is periodic with period, then f(ax + b), where a ε R -{0} and b ε R, is also periodic with period p/|a|.
(iii) let us suppose that f(x) is periodic with period p and g(x) is periodic with period q. Let r be the L.C.M. of p and q, if it exists.
(a) If f(x) and g(x) cannot be interchanged by adding a least positive number k, then r is the period of f(x) + g(x).
(b) If f(x) and g(x) can be interchanged by adding a least positive number k and if k < r, then k is the period of f(x) + g(x). Otherwise r is the period.
Illustration: Find the period of the following functions
(i) f(x) = sinx + {x}
(ii) f(x) = tan(x/3) + sin 2x.
(iii) f(x) = |sinx| + |cosx|
(iv) f(x) = ((1+sin x)(1+sec x))/((1+cos x)(1+cosec x))
Solution:
(i) Here f(x) = sinx + {x}
Period of sinx is 2p and that of {x} is 1. But the L.C.M. of 2p and 1 does not exist. Hence sinx + {x} is not periodic.
(ii) Here f(x) = tanx/3 + sin2x. Here tan(x/3). Here tan(x/3) is periodic with period 3p and sin2x is periodic with period p.
Hence f(x) will be periodic with period 3p.
(iii) Here f(x) = |sinx| + |cosx|
Now, |sinx| = √sin2x = √((1+cos2x)/2), which is periodic with period ∏.
Similarly, |cosx| is periodic with period ∏.
Hence, according to rule of LCM, period of f(x) must be ∏.
But |sin((∏/2)+x)| = |cos x| and |cos((∏/2)+x)| = |sin x|.
Since ∏/2 < ∏, period of f(x) is ∏/2.
(iv) f(x) =((1+sin x)(1+sec x))/((1+cos x)(1+cosec x)) =
((1+sin x)(1+cos x)sin x)/((1+cos x)(1+sin x)cos x) = tan x
Hence f(x) has period ∏.
Note: For f(x) = |sin x| + |cos x|
The period of both |sin x| and |cos x| is ∏
But they are related with phase difference ∏/2 i.e.
|sin x| = |cos (x + ∏/2)|
|cos x| = |sin (x + ∏/2)|
So the period of the function f(x) is ∏/2.
Illustration: Prove that the period of y = sin x is 2∏
Let T be the period of f(x) = sin x
i.e. f(T + x) = f(x)
=> sin (T + x) = sin x
=> T + x = n∏ + (-1)nx, n ε 1 .........(i)
Let n = 0
T + x = x
=> T = 0
But we want a positive real value for T.
Let n = 1,
T + x = ∏ - x
=> T - ∏ = 2x (Is it possible? Think)
No it is not possible because LHS is constant and RHS is a continuous variable.
Now, Let n = 2 in equation (i)
T + x = 2∏ + x
=> T = 2∏
Therefore period of y = sin x is 2∏
Note: If we cannot find T independent of x, then y = f(x) is not periodic.
Example:
Find the period of y = cos √x and y = x sin x if possible
Ans. These are non-periodic function
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