Revision Notes on Locomotion and Movement

Name

No.

Description

Frontal

1

Forms the forehead (anterior or front part of the top of cranium) and some upper parts (roofs) of eye orbits or sockets and nasal cavities. A newborn infant displays a faint suture in midline of frontal, indication that adult frontal is actually formed of two completely fused frontal.

Parietals

2

Articulated to and situated just behind frontal. Form the main parts of bulging top and sides of cranium.

Occipital

1

Articulated to and situated just behind parietals. Forms posterior (back) and lower (base) parts of cranium. Foramen magnum is a large perforation in this bone. On each side of the foramen, the occipital bears a prominent elevation called occipital condyle. The condyles articulate the skull with first vertebra (atlas). Thus, human skull is dicondylic.

Temporals

2

Form lower parts of right and left sides of cranium, as well as, the floor of cranial cavity. These house structures of internal and middle ears and form a part of external auditory meatuses. The middle ear of each side encloses the three small ear ossicles – malleus, incus and stapes.

Sphenoid

1

A typically butterfly-shaped bone that forms the middle and anterior parts of base of cranium in front of occipital in the middle and temporals on the sides. It articulates with all skull bones, keeping these firmly together. It also forms parts of lateral walls and floors of eye orbits.

Ethmoid

1

A small, irregular bone in front of sphenoid and behind nasal bones. It fashions the front (anterior) extremity and closer of cranial cavity. It also contributes to the architecture of eye orbits and proximal parts of nasal chambers.

Nasals

2

Small, oblong bones in middle of upper part of face, forming proximal part of the bridge of our nose. The remaining, lower part of our nose is formed of cartilage.

Inferior nasal

conchae (Turbinales)

2

Two highly coiled, scroll-like processes of ethmoid bone, called conchae project into each nasal cavity from lateral wall of the proximal bony part of concerned nasal chamber. One ethmoidal concha is superior (uppermost). The other one is called middle concha, because it is followed by a thin, separate scroll-like bone which is named inferior nasal concha or turbinate.

Vomer

1

A thin, elongated, platelike bone, forming a part of the septum which separates the two nasal cavities.

Lacrimals

2

Small and thin, finger-shaped bones, each located in front part of the medial (inner) side of corresponding eye orbit. these form a part of the passages of corresponding tear ducts.

Zygomatics (Malars)

2

Cheek-bones; form the prominences of our cheeks and parts of the floor and side walls of eye orbits.

Palatines

2

L-shaped bones that form the back (posterior) part of our hard palate (roof of mouth). Also contribute to the framework of nasal cavities and floor of eye orbits.

Maxillae

2

Large, upper jaw bones that form the major part of our face and upper jaw. Comprise entire front (anterior) part of our hard palate. Also contribute to the architecture of eye orbits and nose. Bear the teeth of upper jaw.

Mandible

1

Largest bone of our face, and strongest of all bones of the body. Forms entire lower jaw and bears all lower jaw teeth. Articulated with temporal bones of skull.

S.No.

Characters

Thoracic vertebra

Lumbar vertebra

1.

Neural spine

Long undivided and downward directed.

Short, flat and upward directed.

2.

Facet for ribs

Present on transverse process and centrum.

Absent.

3.

Transverse process

Club-shaped.

Thin and elongated.

S.No.

Characters

Male pelvis

Female pelvis

1.

Nature of bones of pelvic girdles

Heavier and longer

Lighter and smaller

2.

Sacrum

Less concave

More concave anteriorly

3.

Pelvis

Shallow, narrow and round

Deep, wide and funnel-shaped

Total number of bones : 206 Bones

Skull : 29 Bones

Cranium : 8 Bones

         Occipital : 1 Bone

         Parietal : 2 Bones

         Frontal : 1 Bones

         Temporal : 2 Bones

         Sphenoid : 1 Bone

         Ethmoia : 1 Bone

Facial region : 14 Bones

         Nasals : 2 Bones

         Vomer : 1 Bones

         Terbinal : 2 Bones

         Lacrymal : 2 Bones

         Zygomatic : 2 Bones

         Palaline : 2 Bones

         Maxilla : 2 Bones

         Mandible : 1 Bones

Coccyx : Fusion of 4 caudal vertebrae

In boy : 5 sacral vertebrae

In adult : Only one sacrum

RIBS in man : 12 pairs

         True ribs : 7 pairs

         False ribs : 3 pairs

         Floatting ribs : 2 pairs

Vertebral formula = 33

C        TH        L        S          C

¯          ¯         ¯        ¯          ¯

7          12        5        5          4

                               Sacrum    coccyx

In adult = 26

C        TH       L        S            C

¯          ¯        ¯        ¯            ¯

7         12        5        1            1

                                Sacrum    coccyx

Ear ossicles

         Mallus : 2 Bones

         Incus : 2 Bones

         Stapes : 2 Bones

Hyoid : 1 Bone

Vertebral column : 26 Bones

         Sternum : 1 Bone

         Ribs : 24 Bone

         Pectoral girdle : 4 Bones

         Pelvic girdle : 2 Bones

         Fore limbs : 60 Bones (30 in each)

         Hind limbs : 60 Bones (30 in each)

Total : 206 Bones

In child : Bones 300