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Qualitative analysis is used to identify and separate cations and anions in a sample substance. Unlike quantitative analysis, which seeks to determine the quantity or amount of sample, qualitative analysis is a descriptive form of analysis. In an educational setting, the concentrations of the ions to be identified are approximately 0.01 M in an aqueous solution. The 'semimicro' level of qualitative analysis employs methods used to detect 1-2 mg of an ion in 5 mL of solution.
It's easy to contaminate the sample through poor laboratory technique, so it's important to adhere to certain rules:
First, ions are removed in groups from the initial aqueous solution. After each group has been separated, then testing is conducted for the individual ions in each group. Here is a common grouping of cations:
Group I: Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+ Precipitated in 1 M HCl
Group II: Bi3+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, (Pb2+), Sb3+and Sb5+, Sn2+and Sn4+ Precipitated in 0.1 M H2S solution at pH 0.5
Group III: Al3+, (Cd2+), Co2+, Cr3+, Fe2+and Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ Precipitated in 0.1 M H2S solution at pH 9
Group IV: Ba2+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, NH4+ Ba2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+are precipitated in 0.2 M (NH4)2CO3solution at pH 10; the other ions are soluble.
Many reagents are used in the qualitative analysis, but only a few are involved in nearly every group procedure. The four most commonly used reagents are 6M HCl, 6M HNO3, 6M NaOH, 6M NH3.
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