Define the following terms: (i) Mole fraction (ii) Molality (iii) Molarity (iv) Mass percentage.

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a) Mole fraction-Mole fraction is the ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number of moles present in solution. It is represented by x. If a solution contains the components solute and solvent, then the mole fraction is given by
Mole fraction of solute, X_solute- n_solute / n_solute+ n_solvent
Mole fraction of solute, X_solvent- n_solvent / n_solute+ n_solvent
where X_solute+ X_solvent = 1

b) Molality- The molality of a solution is calculated by taking the moles of solute and dividing by the kilograms of solvent.
Molality (m)- Moles of solute
Kilograms of solvent

c) Molarity- Molarity is the number of moles of a solute dissolved in a liter of solution.
Molarity (M) = moles solute
liters solution

d) Mass percentage- Mass percentage is one way of representing the concentration of an element in a compound or a component in a mixture. Mass percentage is calculated as the mass of a component divided by the total mass of the mixture, multiplied by 100%.
Also written As: mass percent, (w/w)%