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Sandwich Theorem
We now discuss certain illustrations involving greatest integer functions
L’Hospital’s Rule
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Sandwich theorem is an important concept of limits. It is often termed as the Squeeze theorem, Pinching Theorem or the Squeeze Lemma. The Squeeze principle is generally used on limit problems where the usual algebraic methods like the algebraic or the factorization methods fail in computing limits. Hence, in such a case the sandwich or the squeeze theorem tries to squeeze our problem in between the limits of two simple functions whose limits can be evaluated with ease and are in fact equal. In fact, this is the reason behind the name of this theorem.
Let f(x), g(x) and h(x) be three real numbers having a common domain D such that f(x) ≤ h(x) ≤ g(x) ∀ x in some interval containing the point c. Then,
If lim x→a f(x) = lim x→a g(x) = l, then lim x→a h(x) = l.
This is known as Sandwich Theorem.
Examine lim x→0 √(1 – cos x)/x
View the following video for more on Sandwich Theorem
lim x→3 ([x] – 3)/(x – 3)
Towards the right of x = 3, [x] = 3
⇒ [x] – 3 = 0, in the right neighborhood of x = 3
⇒ lim x→3+0 ([x] – 3)/(x – 3) = 0
Towards the left of x = 3, [x] = 2
⇒ [x] – 3 = -1, in the left neighborhood of x =3
⇒ lim x→3+0 ([x] - 3)/(x – 3) = lim x→3+0 (-1)/(x – 3) = ∞.
Thus lim x→3 ([x] – 3)/(x – 3) does not exist.
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Prove that lim n→∞ x5 [1/x3] = 0, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
We know that (x - 1) < |x| ≤ x ∀ x ∈ R
So, 1/x3 -1 < [1/x3] ≤ 1/x3
⇒ x5 (1/x3 -1) < x5 [1/x3 ] ≤ x5 (1/x3 ) for x > 0
And lim x→0 x2 - x5 = lim x→0 x2 = 0
⇒ lim x→0+ x5 [1/x3 ] = 0
Also, x5 (1/x3) ≤ x5 [1/x3 ] < x5 (1/x3 -1) for x < 0
⇒ lim x→0- x5 [1/x3] = 0 => limx→0 x5 [1/x3 ] = 0.
Evaluate lim n→∞ ([x] + [2x] + [3x] + ...........= [nx]) / n2, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
We know that (x - 1) < x
⇒ x + 2x + .......... + nx – n < ∑r=1n [rx] ≤ x + 2x + ......... + nx
⇒ (x.{n (n + 1)/2} - n) < ∑r=1n [rx] ≤ {x.n (n + 1)/2}
⇒ x/2 (1 + 1/n) – 1/n < 1/n2 ∑r=1n [rx] ≤ x/2 (1 + 1/n)
Now, lim n→∞ x/2 (1 + 1/n) = x/2 and lim n→∞ x/2 (1 + 1/n) – 1/n = x/2.
Using Sandwich theorem we find that lim n→∞ ([x] + [2x] + ..........+ [nx])/n2 = x/2
The L Hospital’s Rule is used in cases where the limit obtained is in the form of 0/0, ∞/∞, ∞ – ∞, 0, ∞, 00, ∞0, 1∞. The other indeterminate forms are ∞-∞,0,∞,00,∞0,1∞. These are known as indeterminate forms. According to this rule,
Let f(x) and g(x) be functions differentiable in the neighborhood of the point a, except may be at the point a itself. If lim x→a f(x) = 0 = lim x→a g(x) or lim x→a f(x) = ∞ = lim x→a g(x), then
lim x→a f(x)/g(x) = lim x→a f ’(x)/g'(x) provided that the limit on the right either exists as a finite number or is ± ∞ .
The following illustrations describe the rule:
Evaluate lim x→1 (1 – x + ln x)/(1 + cos πx)
lim x→1 (1 – x + ln x)/(1 + cos πx) (of the form 0/0)
= lim x→1 (1 – 1/x)/(-π sin πx) (still of the form 0/0)
= lim x→1 (x – 1)/(πx sin πx) (algebraic simplification)
= lim x→1 1/(πx sin πx + π2x cos πx ) (L' Hospital's rule again)
= - 1/π2
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Let f : R→R be such that f(1) = 3 and f’(1) = 6. Then lim x→0 f(1+x)/f(1))1/x equals (IIT JEE 2002)
(a) 1 (b) e1/2
(c) e3 (d) e2
The given function is y = [f(1 + x)/ f(1)]1/x
Taking log both sides we have,
log y = 1/x [log f(1 + x) – log f(1)]
Taking limit on both sides we get,
lim x→0 log y = lim x→0 [f’(1 + x) / f(1 + x)] (using Hospital’s rule)
= f’(1)/ f(1)
= 6/3
log (lim x→0 y) = 2.
lim x→0 y = e2 .
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Evaluate lim x→y (xy - yx)/(xx - yy).
lim x→y (xy - yx)/(xx - yy) which is a [0/0] form
= lim x→y (yxy-1 - yx log y)/(xx log (ex))
= (1 – log y)/ log (ey)
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Q1. In Sandwich theorem, the function f(x) ≤ h(x) ≤ g(x) ∀ x in some interval containing the point c. Then,
(a) c may be a finite number, +∞ or – ∞.
(b) c can only be a finite number
(c) c has to be +∞ or – ∞.
(d) none of these.
Q2. L’Hospital’s Rule can be used in solving limits
(b) of indeterminate forms.
Q3. The limit L as obtained in Sandwich theorem
(a) L has to be positive
(b) L can only be a finite number
(c) L has to be +∞ or – ∞.
(d) L may be a finite number, +∞ or – ∞.
Q4. Using L’Hospital’s Rule, we have lim x→1 [f(x)/g(x)] =
(a) f(x)/g’(x)
(b) f’(x)/g(x)
(c) f’(x)/g’(x)
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
(a)
(b)
(d)
(c)
You may wish to refer Differentiability.
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