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We know that weak acids and weak bases slightly ionize in water and equilibrium is established in their solutions. The phenomenon of suppression of the degree of dissociation of a weak acid or a weak base by the addition of a strong electrolyte containing a common ion is known as common ion effect.
For example: let us consider the ionization of a weak base ammonium hydroxide i.e. NH4OH as:NH4OH (aq) ⇌ NH4+ (aq) + OH– (aq)
The ionization constant for the base will be:Kb = [NH4+] [OH–] / [NH4OH]If solid NH4Cl is added to the solution, the concentration of NH4+ ions increases. According to Le-Chateliers’s principle, the equilibrium shifts to the left. As a result, the concentration of OH– is considerably decreased and the weak base NH4OH becomes even weaker in the presence of its salt.
NH4OH ⇌ NH4+ + OH–(Equilibrium shifts to left side)NH4Cl ⇌ NH4+ + Cl–This phenomenon is known as common ion effect
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Arun (askIITians forum expert)
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