for equal expansion in adiabatic and isothermal processes ,initial conditions are identical, then which one of the following is correct:-1.final pressure in adiabatic process is less than that of isothermal2.final temperature in adiabatic process is less than that of isothermal3.work done in adiabatic process is less than the work done in isothermal process4.all of these

Dear Kartik,

An adiabatic process is any process occurring without input or output of heat within a system (i.e. during the process the system is thermodynamically isolated- there is no heat transfer with the surroundings). This is the opposite of a diabatic process, where there is heat transfer. A key concept in thermodynamics, many rapid chemical and physical processes are described or approximated in this way. Such processes are usually followed or preceded by events that do involve heat transfer (i.e. are non-adiabatic). Examples include electron-transfer.

Adiabatic processes can occur if the container of the system has thermally-insulated walls or the process happens in an extremely short time, so that there is no opportunity for significant heat exchange.^[1] Although the terms adiabatic and isocaloric can often be interchanged, adiabatic processes may be considered a subset of isocaloric processes; the remaining complement subset of isocaloric processes being processes where net heat transfer does not diverge regionally such as in an idealized case with mediums of infinite thermal conductivity or non-existent thermal capacity.

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