Work Energy and Power CBSE Class 11 Physics Revision Notes Chapter 6

Work:- Work done W is defined as the dot product of force F and displacement s.

Here θ is the angle between and .

Work done by the force is positive if the angle between force and displacement is acute (0^°<θ<90^°) as cos θ is positive. This signifies, when the force and displacement are in same direction, work done is positive. This work is said to be done upon the body.

When the force acts in a direction at right angle to the direction of displacement (cos90^° = 0), no work is done (zero work).

Work done by the force is negative if the angle between force and displacement is obtuse (90^°<θ<180^°) as cosθ is negative. This signifies, when the force and displacement are in opposite direction, work done is negative. This work is said to be done by the body.

Work done by a variable force:-

If applied force F is not a constant force, then work done by this force in moving the body from position A to B will be,

Here ds is the small displacement.

Units: The unit of work done in S.I is joule (J) and in C.G.S system is erg.

1J = 1 N.m , 1 erg = 1 dyn.cm

Relation between Joule and erg:- 1 J = 10⁷ erg
Power:-The rate at which work is done is called power and is defined as,

P = W/t = F.s/v = F.v

Here s is the distance and v is the speed.

Instantaneous power in terms of mechanical energy:- P = dE/dt

Units: The unit of power in S.I system is J/s (watt) and in C.G.S system is erg/s.
Energy:-

1) Energy is the ability of the body to do some work. The unit of energy is same as that of work.

2) Kinetic Energy (K):- It is defined as,

K= ½ mv²

Here m is the mass of the body and v is the speed of the body.

Potential Energy (U):- Potential energy of a body is defined as, U = mgh

Here, m is the mass of the body, g is the free fall acceleration (acceleration due to gravity) and h is the height.

Gravitational Potential Energy:- An object’s gravitational potential energy U is its mass m times the acceleration due to gravity g times its height h above a zero level.

In symbol’s,

U = mgh

Relation between Kinetic Energy (K) and momentum (p):-

K = p²/2m

If two bodies of different masses have same momentum, body with a greater mass shall have lesser kinetic energy.
If two bodies of different mass have same kinetic energy, body with a greater mass shall have greater momentum.
For two bodies having same mass, the body having greater momentum shall have greater kinetic energy.
Work energy Theorem:- It states that work done on the body or by the body is equal to the net change in its kinetic energy .
For constant force,

W = ½ mv² – ½ mu²

= Final K.E – Initial K.E

For variable force,

Law of conservation of energy:- It states that, “Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can be converted from one form to another. The sum of total energy, in this universe, is always same”.
The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of an object is called mechanical energy. So, E = K+U
In accordance to law of conservation of energy, the total mechanical energy of the system always remains constant.

So, mgh + ½ mv² = constant

In an isolated system, the total energy E_total of the system is constant.

So, E = U+K = constant

Or, U_i+K_i = U_f+K_f

Or, ?U = -?K

Speed of particle v in a central force field:

v = √2/m [E-U(x)]

Conservation of linear momentum:-

? Velocity of Colliding Bodies After Collision In an isolated system (no external force ( F_ext = 0)), the total momentum of the system before collision would be equal to total momentum of the system after collision.

So, p_f = p_i

Coefficient of restitution (e):- It is defined as the ratio between magnitude of impulse during period of restitution to that during period of deformation.

e = relative velocity after collision / relative velocity before collision

= v₂ – v₁/u₁ – u₂

Case (i) For perfectly elastic collision, e = 1. Thus, v₂ – v₁ = u₁ – u₂. This signifies the relative velocities of two bodies before and after collision are same.

Case (ii) For inelastic collision, e<1. Thus, v₂ – v₁ < u₁ – u₂. This signifies, the value of e shall depend upon the extent of loss of kinetic energy during collision.

Case (iii) For perfectly inelastic collision, e = 0. Thus, v₂ – v₁ =0, or v₂ = v₁. This signifies the two bodies shall move together with same velocity. Therefore, there shall be no separation between them.

Elastic collision:- In an elastic collision, both the momentum and kinetic energy conserved.
One dimensional elastic collision:-

? Elastic collision in One Dimension

After collision, the velocity of two body will be,

v₁ = (m₁-m₂/ m₁+m₂)u₁ + (2m₂/ m₁+m₂)u₂

and

v₂ = (m₂-m₁/ m₁+m₂)u₂ + (2m₁/ m₁+m₂)u₁

Case:I

When both the colliding bodies are of the same mass, i.e., m₁ = m₂, then,

v₁ = u₂ and v₂ = u₁

Case:II

When the body B of mass m₂ is initially at rest, i.e., u₂ = 0, then,

v₁ = (m₁-m₂/ m₁+m₂)u₁ and v₂ = (2m₁/ m₁+m₂)u₁

(a) When m₂<<m₁, then, v₁ = u₁ and v₂ = 2u₁

(b) When m₂=m₁, then, v₁ =0 and v₂ = u₁

Inelastic collision:- In an inelastic collision, only the quantity momentum is conserved but not kinetic energy.

v = (m₁u₁+m₂u₂)/(m₁+m₂)

and

loss in kinetic energy, E = ½ m₁u₁²+ ½ m₂u₂² - ½ (m₁+ m₂)v²

or,

E= ½ (m₁u₁² + m₂u₂²) – ½ [(m₁u₁+ m₂u₂)/( m₁+ m₂)]²

= m₁ m₂(u₁-u₂)²/ 2( m₁ + m₂)

Points to be Notice:-

(i) The maximum transfer energy occurs if m₁= m₂

(ii) If K_i is the initial kinetic energy and K_f is the final kinetic energy of mass m₁, the fractional decrease in kinetic energy is given by,

K_i – K_f/ K_i = 1- v₁²/u²₁

Further, if m₂ = nm₁ and u₂ = 0, then,

K_i – K_f/ K_i = 4n/(1+n)²

Conservation Equation:

(i) Momentum – m₁u₁+m₂u₂ = m₁v₁+m₂v₂

(ii) Energy – ½ m₁u₁²+ ½ m₂u₂² = ½ m₁v₁²+ ½ m₂v₂²

Conservative force (F):- Conservative force is equal to the negative gradient of potential V of the field of that force. This force is also called central force.

So, F = - (dV/dr)

The line integral of a conservative force around a closed path is always zero.

So,

$\oint \vec{F}.d\vec{r} = 0$

Spring potential energy (E_s):- It is defined as,

Spring Energy

E_s = ½ kx²

Here k is the spring constant and x is the elongation.

Equilibrium Conditions:

(a) Condition for equilibrium, dU/dx = 0

(b) For stable equilibrium,

U(x) = minimum,

dU/dx = 0,

d²U/dx² = +ve

U(x) = maximum

dU/dx = 0

d²U/dx² = -ve

(d) For neutral equilibrium,

U(x) = constant

dU/dx = 0

d²U/dx² = 0

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS OF WORK, POWER AND ENERGY

Work and Energy are measured in the same units. Power, being the rate at which work is done, is measured in a different unit.

Quantity and Units/Dimensions		Work (Energy)	Power
Dimension		ML²T^-2	ML²T^-3
Absolute	MKS	Joule	Watt
	FPS	ft-Poundal	ft-poundal/sec
	CGS	erg	Erg/sec.
Gravitational	MKS	kg-m	Kg-m/sec
	FPS	ft-lb	ft-lb/sec.
	CGS	gm-cm	Gm-cm/sec
Practical (Other)		kwh, eV, cal	HP, kW, MW