Let us analyse a simple circuit shown in the figure alongside. Assume current values (I1, I2 & I3) at random directions.
Alt txt: simple circuit
Þ All through the branch gfdab current in I1
All through the branch geb current is I3
All through the branch ghcb current is I2
Applying KCL at b Þ I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 …… (i)
(Note: We will get the same eqn. at node g)
The voltage drops across the circuit elements in loop fdbegf,
Vd – Vf = 10V (constant voltage source)
Vd – Va = 1 × I1 (drop in the direction of current flow)
Ve – Vb = 2 × I3 (drop in the direction of current flow)
Vg – Ve = 15V (constant voltage source)
Moving anti clockwise we write,
KVL: (Vf – Vd)+(Vd – Va)+(Va – Vb)+(Vb – Ve)+(Ve – Vg)+(Vg – Vf) = 0
Þ (–10) + (I1) + (0) + (–2I3) + (–15) + 0 = 0
Þ I1 – 2I3 = 25 …… (ii)
Consider loop bchgeb. The voltage drop across the elements is,
Vh – Vc = 4I2
Ve – Vb = 2I3
Vg – Ve = 15
KVL: (Vb – Vc) + (Vc – Vh) + (Vh – Vg) + (Vg – Ve) + (Ve – Vb) = 0
Þ (0) + (–4I2) + (0) + (15) + 2I3 = 0
Þ 2I3 – 4I2 = –15 …… (iii)
Now solve (i), (ii), & (iv) simultaneously, you shall arrive at,
I1 = 120/14, I2 = 5 – 5/14, I3 = –115/14
What is the potential difference between the points M and N for the circuits shown in the figures, for case l and case ll?
Alt txt : Potential-difference-between-points
Case l:
l = E1 – E2 / r2 + r1 = 12 – 6 / 3 + 2 = 1.2 A
Alt txt: circuit-1
For cell E1: vA – E1 + lr1 = vB
i.e. vA – vB = E1 – lr1
= 12 – 1.2 × 3 = 8.4 V
For cell E2, vC – E2 – lr2 = vD
i.e. vC – vD = 6 + 1.2 × 2 = 8.4 V
Hence, vC – vD = vA – vB = vM – vN = 8.4 V
Case ll:
l = E1 + E2 / r1 + r2
= 12 + 6 / 3 + 2 = 3.6 A
Alt txt: Circuit-2
For cell E1:
vA – E1 + lr1 = vB,
i.e. vA – vB = E1 – lr1 = 12 – 3.6 × 3 = 1.2 V
For cell E2:
vC + E2 – lr2 = vD
i.e. vC – vD = –E2 + lr2 = – 6 + 3.6 × 2 = 1.2 V
Hence, vA – vB = vC – vD = vM – vN = 1.2 V
In the adjacent circuit, find the effective resistance between the points A and B.
Alt txt: effective resistance between two points
Resistors AF and FE are in series with each other. Therefore, network AEF reduces to a parallel combination of two resistors of 6 W each.
Req = 6 × 6 / 6 + 6 = 3 W.
Similarly, the resistance between A and D is given by 6 × 6 / 6 + 6 = 3 W.
Now, resistor AC is in parallel with the series combination of AD and DC. Therefore, resistance between A and C is 6 × 6 / 6 + 6 = 3 W. Now, the combination of (AC + CB) is in parallel to AB. Therefore, since AC and CB are in series, their combined resistance = 3 + 3 = 6 W. Resistance between A and B is given by, 1 / R = 1/6 + 1/3 = 3/6 or RAB = 2W.
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