Which of the following mechanism leads to founder effect.

1. Movement of alleles among populations
2. Formation of a different genotype in new settlement
3. Reduction in alleles frequency
4. sudden heritable change

Hello Student
Correct Answer is 2. Formation of a different genotype in new settlement
Gymnosperms have tracheids in xylem and sieve cells in phloem. Gymnosperm lacks vessels and companion in xylem and phloem respectively. Riccia and Marchantia are liverworths.