(a) Surface area of the body,
A = 1.8 m²
Temperature difference, ΔT = (skin surface temperature) – (outer surface temperature of clothing)
= 33̊ C – 1̊ C
= 32̊ C
= (32+273) K
= 305 K
Thickness, Δx = 1.2 cm
= (1.2 cm) (1 m/100 cm)
= 0.012 m
To find out the rate H at which heat flows out through the clothing of a skier, substitute 1.8 m² for the area A, 305 K for temperature difference ΔT and 0.012 m for thickness Δx and 0.040 W/m. K for the thermal conductivity k in the equation H = kA ΔT/ Δx,
H = kA ΔT/ Δx
= (0.040 W/m. K) (1.8 m² ) (305 K) / (0.012 m)
= 1830 W
From the above observation we conclude that, the rate H at which heat flows out through the clothing of a skier would be 1830 W.
(b) From the equation H = kA ΔT/ Δx, we observed that rate H at which heat flows out through the clothing of a skier is directly proportional to the thermal conductivity k of clothing.
Now the thermal conductivity of water is changed to 0.60 W/m. K.
Thus thermal conductivity k is increased by a factor of,
= (0.60 W/m. K) / (0.04 W/m. K)
= 15
Since that rate H at which heat flows out through the clothing of a skier is directly proportional to the thermal conductivity k of clothing, therefore the rate H would increase by a factor of 15.