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Why 5d is filled earlier than 4f when the configuration series says that 5d orbital is filled later on? Example. In a question which asks to assign block to the element having outer shell electronic configuration as 4f^7 5d^1 6s^2.....we assign f block to it considering that last electron goes in 4f

Why 5d is filled earlier than 4f when the configuration series says that 5d orbital is filled later on?
Example. In a question which asks to assign block to the element having outer shell electronic configuration as 4f^7 5d^1 6s^2.....we assign f block to it considering that last electron goes in 4f

Grade:11

2 Answers

Arun
25750 Points
4 years ago

There are a number of series that rule how the electrons are configured in the orbitals.

The Aufbau principle (theoretical model):
1s

The Rydberg rule (from experimental/spectroscopic data):

1s

The Aufbau principle, the one that you are referring to as the rule for filling orbitals is taught as a scientific law in high-school but in reality there are a lot of exceptions on this rule. Even in high-school you might have come up to the exceptions of period 3 - the first row that includes transition metals- namely Cr (4s1 3d5) and Cu (4s1 3d10) where the 3d orbital is filled - or half-filled- prior to the 4s orbital. The logically inconsistent idea here is that in a transition metal atom, 4s is occupied before 3d but 4s is also easier to ionise. We tell students that the (n+1)s is of lower energy, thus more stable and for that reason is filled first and then we start making excuses to explain why the ns can loose one electron to the (n+1)d orbital later due to the increased stability that a full or half-full nd orbital provides which is not exactly correct.

Here is some missing background: 
1)A distinction between Kohn-Sham density functional orbitals,the ones fulfilling a simple Aufbau rule and describing the lowest experimental configuration for energy averages and the canonical Fock orbitals, describing experimental vertical ionisations and obeying a more complex Aufbau rule known for high spin/low spin complexes is necessary.

2)The order of orbital filling cannot be derived directly from orbital ionisation energies, neither experimentally nor theoretically because there is no general simple relation owning to possible orbital reorganisations. A given kind of nd and (n+1)s energies can vary from d(x-2)s(2) to d(x-1)s(1) to d(x).

So we expect electrons to configure accordingly to the lowest energy Kohn-Sham orbitals, but there is always the case of them occupying the corresponding canonical Fock orbitals that are not necessarily the lowest in energy. This depends on spin-spin interactions and chemical environments that are also in effect.

Khimraj
3007 Points
4 years ago

Orbitals fill in order of energy. So 5D fills before 4F in some cases simply because the 5D energy levels are lower than the 4F levels for some. This does not occur for all the lanthanides.

Cerium, where the increase in effective nuclear charge after Lanthanum is not sufficient to stabilize the 4F2 5D0 configuration compared to 4F1 5D1. The nuclear charge is insufficient to contract the 4F orbitals and lower their energy well below the 5D.

4F then fills first until Gadolinium is reached. Gadolinium has the F7 D1 configuration, consistent with a stabilized half-filled f shell.

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