What is Mole?

Atoms and molecules are too small to count. To solve this problem their numbers are expressed in terms of Avogadro’s number (NA = 6.023 1023).  Mole is the number equal to Avogadro’s number just like a dozen is equal to 12, a century means 100, a score means = 20.

Mole can be defined as  a unit which represents 6.023 x1023 particles of same matter.

A mole (symbol mol) is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many atoms, molecules, ions, electrons or any other elementary entities as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12 gm of. The number of atoms in 12 gm of is called Avogadro’s number.

One atomic mass unit (amu) 

The number of moles of a substance can be calculated by various means depending on data available, as follows.

• Number of moles of molecules

• Number of moles of atoms

• Number of moles of gases (Standard molar volume at STP = 22.4 lit)

• Number of moles of particles e.g. atoms, molecules ions etc

•  for a compound, y moles of A = x moles of B

• Mole fraction = fraction of the substance in the mixture expressed in terms of mol is called its mol fraction (X)

            E.g. for a mixture of substance A & B

            (n terms of denote number of moles)

Refer to the following video for mole concept

Equivalent Weight

Equivalent weight of a substance (element or compound) is defined as “The number of parts by weight of it, that will combine with or displace directly or indirectly 1.008 parts by weight of hydrogen, 8 parts by weight of oxygen, 35.5 parts by weight chlorine or the equivalent parts by weight of another element”.

Equivalent weight of any substance depends on the reaction in which it takes part.

Equivalent weight is a relative quantity so it is unit less. When equivalent weight of a substance is expressed in grams, it is called Gram Equivalent Weight (GWE).

Calculation of Equivalent Weight

Equivalent weight  = Molar mass  / Valence factor

• Valence factor for base = acidity of base

• Valence factor for acid = basicity of acid

• Valence factor for element = valency
   

Titration

Titration is a procedure of determining the concentration of unknown solution with the help of solution of known concentration.

In this procedure of determining the concentration of solution A by adding carefully measured volumes of a solution of known concentration B until the reaction of A with B is just complete.

Law of equivalence:

The fundamental basis of titration is the Law of Equivalence which states that

“at end point of a titration, volumes of the two titrants reacted have the same number of equivalents or mili equivalents”

Acid Base Titration:

One gram equivalent of acid neutralized by one gm equivalent of base. It means

One equivalent of Acid = One Equivalent of Base

Acid [N1V1] = Base [N2V2]

[Gram equivalent = Normality x Volume]

Limiting Reactant

The reactant which is totally consumed during the course of reaction and when it is consumed reaction stops.

The concept of limiting reactant is applicable to reaction other than monomolecular i.e., when more than one type reactant involved. For example. These is no limiting reactant.

To determine the limiting reagent amount of all reactants and mole ratio of reactants must be known. If the ratio of moles of reactant A with respect to reactant B is greater than the ratio of the moles of A to moles of B for a balanced chemical equation then B is the limiting reactant.

All other terms like left (unused) mass of other reactant, amount of formed product can be known stoichiometrically by knowing the amount of limiting reactant.

Question 1:  The largest number of molecules is in:

a. 28 g of CO

b. 46 g of C2H5OH

c. 36 g of H2O

d. 54 g of N­2O5                         

Question 2: The number of molecules in 89.6 litre of a gas at NTP are:

a. 6.02 × 1023

b. 2 × 6.02 × 1023

c. 3 × 6.02 × 1023

d. 4 × 6.02 × 1023

Question 3: The total number of protons in 10 g of calcium carbonate is:

a. 3.0115 × 1024

b. 1.5057 × 1024

c. 2.0478 × 1024

d. 4.0956 × 1024

Question 4: What is equivalent weight of NaCl?

a. 58.5

b. 12.12

c. 13.45

d. 65.42