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It is advisable to add acid to water and not vice versa because large amount of heat is released if water is added to acid. This released heat is large enough to cause harm. Acids can also be classified based on number of hydrogen ions . Monoprotic acid is the one which gives one mole of hydrogen ions per mole of acid, such as HCl. Diprotic Acid is the one which produces two mole of hydrogen ions per mole of acid. For Example , H 2 SO 4 . Bases Bases are the one which produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions. Bases which are water soluble they are known as Alkalis . They turn red litmus to blue. They have a bitter taste. They also produced carbon-dioxide when reacted with carbonates. They also evolved hydrogen gas when bases react with metals. Reactions of Bases 1. Reaction with Metals Base reacts with metals and produce hydrogen gas. 2NaOH + Zn → Na 2 → Na 2 ZnO 2 + H 2 2. Reaction with Acids Base reacts with acids to form salts. For Example , KOH + HCl → KCl + H 2 O 3. Reaction with Non-metallic Oxides Base reacts with non-metallic oxides to form salt and water. 2NaOH + CO 2 → CO 2­ → Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O Classification of Bases Bases are classified as Strong Base and Weak Base . Strong base is the one which dissociates completely into its ions in aqueous solution. For Example , NaOH . Weak base is the one which does not dissociate completely into its ions in aqueous solutions. For Example , Ammonium Hydroxide , NH 4 OH Bases are also classified as Dilute Base and Concentrated Base . The solution which has low concentration of base in aqueous solution is defined as Dilute Base whereas the one which has high concentration of base in aqueous solution is known as Concentrated Base . Strength of Acid or Base Solutions The dissociation constant of weak acid or weak base can be represented as- Suppose HA is weak acid, then dissociation constant is represented as- Strength of an acid or base can be determined using a pH scale. It is a scale to measure the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. The p stands for ‘potenz’, it is a German word which means power. If pH is equal to 7, means the solution is neutral. If pH is greater then 7 means alkaline solution. If pH is less then 7 means the solution is acidic. Fig.1. pH scale Importance of pH Human body works at a pH of about

It is advisable to add acid to water and not vice versa because large amount of heat is released if water is added to acid. This released heat is large enough to cause harm.

Acids can also be classified based on number of hydrogen ionsMonoprotic acid is the one which gives one mole of hydrogen ions per mole of acid, such as HCl. Diprotic Acid is the one which produces two mole of hydrogen ions per mole of acid. For Example, H2SO4.

Bases

  • Bases are the one which produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions. Bases which are water soluble they are known as Alkalis.

  • They turn red litmus to blue.

  • They have a bitter taste.

  • They also produced carbon-dioxide when reacted with carbonates.

  • They also evolved hydrogen gas when bases react with metals.

Reactions of Bases

1. Reaction with Metals

Base reacts with metals and produce hydrogen gas.

2NaOH + Zn → Na2 → Na2ZnO2 + H2

2. Reaction with Acids

Base reacts with acids to form salts. For Example,

KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O

3. Reaction with Non-metallic Oxides

Base reacts with non-metallic oxides to form salt and water.

2NaOH + CO2 → CO → Na2CO3 + H2O

Classification of Bases

Bases are classified as Strong Base and Weak Base. Strong base is the one which dissociates completely into its ions in aqueous solution. For ExampleNaOH.

Weak base is the one which does not dissociate completely into its ions in aqueous solutions. For ExampleAmmonium HydroxideNH4OH

Bases are also classified as Dilute Base and Concentrated Base. The solution which has low concentration of base in aqueous solution is defined as Dilute Base whereas the one which has high concentration of base in aqueous solution is known as Concentrated Base.

Strength of Acid or Base Solutions

The dissociation constant of weak acid or weak base can be represented as-

 weak base

Suppose HA is weak acid, then dissociation constant is represented as-

HA is weak acid

Strength of an acid or base can be determined using a pH scale. It is a scale to measure the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. The p stands for ‘potenz’, it is a German word which means power.

  • If pH is equal to 7, means the solution is neutral.

  • If pH is greater then 7 means alkaline solution.

  • If pH is less then 7 means the solution is acidic.

pH scale

Fig.1. pH scale

Importance of pH

  • Human body works at a pH of about 

Grade:10

1 Answers

Kajal Banga
askIITians Faculty 113 Points
one year ago
Hello student
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