Explain the following with suitable examples: (i) Ferromagnetism (ii) Paramagnetism (iii) Ferrimagnetism (iv) Antiferromagnetism (v) 12-16 and 13-15 group compounds

Diamagnetic substance:

Substances which are weakly repelled by the external magnetic fields are called diamagnetic field e.g. TiO2,NaCl, benzene etc. Diamagnetic substances have all their electrons paired.

Paramagnetic substances:

Substances which are weakly attracted by magnetic field are called paramagnetic substances. These substance have permanent magnetic dipoles due to the presence of some species (atoms, ions or molecules) with unpaired electron. The paramagnetic substances lose their magnetism in the absence of magnetic field. For e.g. TiO, VO2and CuO, O2, Cu+2, Fe+3etc.

Ferromagnetic substances:

Substances which show permanent magnetism even in the absence of the magnetic field are called Ferromagnetic substances. e.g. Fe Ni. CO, CrO2show Ferromagnetism. Such substances remain permanently magnetised, once they have been magnetised. This type of magnetism arises due to spontaneous alignment of magnetic moment due to unpaired electrons in the same direction.

Anti Ferromagnetic substance

Substances which are expected to possess paramagnetism or Ferromagnetism on the basis of unpaired electron but actually they posses zero net magnetic moment are called anti Ferromagnetic substances e.g. MnO, Mn2O3, MnO2.

Anit Ferromagnetism is due to presence of equal number of magnetic moments in the opposite direction.

Ferrimagnetic substances

Substance which are expected to posses large magnetism on the basis of the unpaired electrons but actually have small net magnetic moments are c