what is inductive effect? please explain in detail.

Inductive effect in simple terms is the result of permanet dipole produced due to polarity of the sigma bond developed due to difference in electronegativity.
This causes a permanent state of bond polarization, where the more electronegative atom has a slight negative charge (δ–) and the other atom has a slight positive charge (δ+)
for ex:-
The more electronegative atom pulls the electrons in the bond towards itself creating some bond polarity for example the O-H and C-Cl bonds in the following examples
CH3OH and CH3Cl
in the first example O acquires – charge and H acquires +1 charge
in the second example c=+charge and Cl=-ve charge