Important reagents in organic chemistry and their functions and also provide important points to remember in organic chemistry......

Dear Shashank List of Organic Reagents Aqueous NaOH Reflux Nucleophilic substitution, converts haloalkanes to alcohols. Mg in dry ether Reflex Used to make grignard reagents with haloalkanes. PCI5 Room temperature Chlorinating agent, reacts with OH group in alcohols and carboxylic acids HNO3 and H2SO4 55C Adds NO2 group onto benzene ring. CI3 and AICI3 Warm gently Adds CI group onto benzene ring. CH3CH2CI and AICI3 Warm gently Adds CH3CH2 group onto benzene ring. HCI and NaNO2 Below 5C Forms diazonium salts with phenylamine. Name of Reagent Conditions Example of its Use K2Cr2O7 with conc. H2SO4 Warm gently Oxidising agent, used commonly for oxidising secondary alcohols to ketones. Excess conc. H2SO4 Heat to 170 C Dehydrating agent, used to dehydrate alcohols to alkenes. Cl2(g) Ultra Violet light Free radical reaction, used to convert alkanes to haloalkanes. Br2 in CCI4 Room temperature, in the dark Electrophilic addition, converts alkenes to dihaloalkanes. H2(g) Nickel catalyst, 300 C and 30 atmospheres pressure Hydrogenating agent, used to convert benzene to cylcohexane. H2(g) Nickel catalyst, 150 C Reducing agent, used to convert alkenes to alkanes Tin in hydrochloric acid Reflux Reducing agent for converting nitrobenzene to phenylamine. Acidified KMNO4 Room temperature Oxidising agent, converts alkenes to diols. NaOH in ethanol Reflux Elimination reaction, converts haloalkanes to alkenes. Intramolecular Cannizaro i) Aluminium isobutoxide ii) Acetone (Oppenaur Oxidation) Reverse of MPV oxidises alcohol to carbonyl RO- (Claisen Schmidt Reaction) i) Acetic anhydride ii) Sodium acetate (Perkin’s reaction) i) Aluminium isobutoxide ii) Propan-2 ol (MPV Reduction) Reduces ketone to alcohol Cannizaro Reaction This is reaction of compounds which don’t have alpha hydrogen Cross Cannizaro Anhydrous H contains no water i) CHCH3 - Alc KOH ii) H3O+ (Riemann Tiemann) (i) CO2 (ii) H3O+ (Kolbe’s reaction) High Pressure AlCl3 (Fries rearrangement) Heat (i) K2S2O8 (ii) H3O+ (Elb’s persulphate oxidation) (i) Fused NaOH (ii) H3O+ (Dow’s process) High Pressure KMnO4, H+ (or) K2Cr2O7, H+ (or) H2CrO4 Oxidises alcohol to acid PCC (Pyrindinium) chloro chromate Solvent CS2 Restricted oxidation of alcohol. Forms aldehyde. MnO2 special oxidising agent for alcohol HI For 1 degree carbon For 3 degree carbon Conc HI contains very less water (i) Alc KOH (ii) NaNH2 X2 CCI4 Adds both X on compound having double or triple bond Cold Dil KMnO4 Hot KMnO4 CF3SO3- Super Leaving Group LiAH4 –ether Reduces ester to alcohol NaBH4- ROH (protic solvent) Reduces to alcohol but cannot act on ester Cr2O2-Cu2O Heat, High Pressure Causes cleavage and reduction of ester OSO4 + H2O-NaHSO3 or Cold Dilute KMnO4 (Hydroxylation) Gives syn vicinal dihalide from alkene Per-formic acid (Anti Hydroxylation) Gives anti vicinal diol HBr in presence of H2O2 (Only for HBr) Anti Marknokov’s Hot Alkaline KMnO4 Replaces “=” with either C = O or COOH CH2-I2, ZnCu Adds methyl in cyclic manner Alcoholic KOH Removes HX from compound and adds double bond Zn dust Removes all HX H2 PdBaSO4 or S-Quinoline (Lindhar’s catalyst) or BH3-THF Reduces alkyne to alkene Ph3P = CH2 Replaces O of Carbonyl with methyl NOX ONDM (Oxymercuration demercuration) (i) Hg (OAC)2 + THF-H2O (ii) NaBH4-OH- NBS Substitutes allyic carbon with aldehyde (i) NH2-NH2 (ii) RO- heat Reduces carbonyl group to ketone or aldehyde H3PO2 Heat Removes diazo group LiAH4 or NaBH4 or Ph3 SnH Reduction R2 CuL (Lithium dialkylcuprate) Removes halogen from RX and adds R Mg-ether Adds Mg between R & X Red P + HI Reduces all to corresponding alkanes Name Condition Example Br2 + CS2 Causes Br to go on ring Br2 + H2O Compound should be more activated than benzene Sn + HCI Reduces group CuCI + HCI Removes Diazo group NH4H or NaS or Na2S Special regents which reduce only 1 NO2 group CrO2CI2 + H3O+ Converts toluene to benzaidehyde List of Organic Reagents Aqueous NaOH Reflux Nucleophilic substitution, converts haloalkanes to alcohols. Mg in dry ether Reflex Used to make grignard reagents with haloalkanes. PCI5 Room temperature Chlorinating agent, reacts with OH group in alcohols and carboxylic acids HNO3 and H2SO4 55C Adds NO2 group onto benzene ring. CI3 and AICI3 Warm gently Adds CI group onto benzene ring. CH3CH2CI and AICI3 Warm gently Adds CH3CH2 group onto benzene ring. HCI and NaNO2 Below 5C Forms diazonium salts with phenylamine. Name of Reagent Conditions Example of its Use K2Cr2O7 with conc. H2SO4 Warm gently Oxidising agent, used commonly for oxidising secondary alcohols to ketones. Excess conc. H2SO4 Heat to 170 C Dehydrating agent, used to dehydrate alcohols to alkenes. Cl2(g) Ultra Violet light Free radical reaction, used to convert alkanes to haloalkanes. Br2 in CCI4 Room temperature, in the dark Electrophilic addition, converts alkenes to dihaloalkanes. H2(g) Nickel catalyst, 300 C and 30 atmospheres pressure Hydrogenating agent, used to convert benzene to cylcohexane. H2(g) Nickel catalyst, 150 C Reducing agent, used to convert alkenes to alkanes Tin in hydrochloric acid Reflux Reducing agent for converting nitrobenzene to phenylamine. Acidified KMNO4 Room temperature Oxidising agent, converts alkenes to diols. NaOH in ethanol Reflux Elimination reaction, converts haloalkanes to alkenes. Intramolecular Cannizaro i) Aluminium isobutoxide ii) Acetone (Oppenaur Oxidation) Reverse of MPV oxidises alcohol to carbonyl RO- (Claisen Schmidt Reaction) i) Acetic anhydride ii) Sodium acetate (Perkin’s reaction) i) Aluminium isobutoxide ii) Propan-2 ol (MPV Reduction) Reduces ketone to alcohol Cannizaro Reaction This is reaction of compounds which don’t have alpha hydrogen Cross Cannizaro Anhydrous H contains no water i) CHCH3 - Alc KOH ii) H3O+ (Riemann Tiemann) (i) CO2 (ii) H3O+ (Kolbe’s reaction) High Pressure AlCl3 (Fries rearrangement) Heat (i) K2S2O8 (ii) H3O+ (Elb’s persulphate oxidation) (i) Fused NaOH (ii) H3O+ (Dow’s process) High Pressure KMnO4, H+ (or) K2Cr2O7, H+ (or) H2CrO4 Oxidises alcohol to acid PCC (Pyrindinium) chloro chromate Solvent CS2 Restricted oxidation of alcohol. Forms aldehyde. MnO2 special oxidising agent for alcohol HI For 1 degree carbon For 3 degree carbon Conc HI contains very less water (i) Alc KOH (ii) NaNH2 X2 CCI4 Adds both X on compound having double or triple bond Cold Dil KMnO4 Hot KMnO4 CF3SO3- Super Leaving Group LiAH4 –ether Reduces ester to alcohol NaBH4- ROH (protic solvent) Reduces to alcohol but cannot act on ester Cr2O2-Cu2O Heat, High Pressure Causes cleavage and reduction of ester OSO4 + H2O-NaHSO3 or Cold Dilute KMnO4 (Hydroxylation) Gives syn vicinal dihalide from alkene Per-formic acid (Anti Hydroxylation) Gives anti vicinal diol HBr in presence of H2O2 (Only for HBr) Anti Marknokov’s Hot Alkaline KMnO4 Replaces “=” with either C = O or COOH CH2-I2, ZnCu Adds methyl in cyclic manner Alcoholic KOH Removes HX from compound and adds double bond Zn dust Removes all HX H2 PdBaSO4 or S-Quinoline (Lindhar’s catalyst) or BH3-THF Reduces alkyne to alkene Ph3P = CH2 Replaces O of Carbonyl with methyl NOX ONDM (Oxymercuration demercuration) (i) Hg (OAC)2 + THF-H2O (ii) NaBH4-OH- NBS Substitutes allyic carbon with aldehyde (i) NH2-NH2 (ii) RO- heat Reduces carbonyl group to ketone or aldehyde H3PO2 Heat Removes diazo group LiAH4 or NaBH4 or Ph3 SnH Reduction R2 CuL (Lithium dialkylcuprate) Removes halogen from RX and adds R Mg-ether Adds Mg between R & X Red P + HI Reduces all to corresponding alkanes Name Condition Example Br2 + CS2 Causes Br to go on ring Br2 + H2O Compound should be more activated than benzene Sn + HCI Reduces group CuCI + HCI Removes Diazo group NH4H or NaS or Na2S Special regents which reduce only 1 NO2 group CrO2CI2 + H3O+ Converts toluene to benzaidehyde

Important reagents in organic chemistry and their functions and also

Arun

8 Years ago

Dear Shashank

List of Organic Reagents

Aqueous NaOH	Reflux	Nucleophilic substitution, converts haloalkanes to alcohols.
Mg in dry ether	Reflex	Used to make grignard reagents with haloalkanes.
PCI₅	Room temperature	Chlorinating agent, reacts with OH group in alcohols and carboxylic acids
HNO₃ and H2SO₄	55C	Adds NO₂ group onto benzene ring.
CI₃ and AICI₃	Warm gently	Adds CI group onto benzene ring.
CH₃CH₂CI and AICI₃	Warm gently	Adds CH₃CH₂ group onto benzene ring.
HCI and NaNO₂	Below 5C	Forms diazonium salts with phenylamine.

Name of Reagent	Conditions	Example of its Use
K₂Cr₂O₇ with conc. H₂SO₄	Warm gently	Oxidising agent, used commonly for oxidising secondary alcohols to ketones.
Excess conc. H₂SO₄	Heat to 170 C	Dehydrating agent, used to dehydrate alcohols to alkenes.
Cl₂(g)	Ultra Violet light	Free radical reaction, used to convert alkanes to haloalkanes.
Br₂ in CCI₄	Room temperature, in the dark	Electrophilic addition, converts alkenes to dihaloalkanes.
H₂(g)	Nickel catalyst, 300 C and 30 atmospheres pressure	Hydrogenating agent, used to convert benzene to cylcohexane.
H₂(g)	Nickel catalyst, 150 C	Reducing agent, used to convert alkenes to alkanes
Tin in hydrochloric acid	Reflux	Reducing agent for converting nitrobenzene to phenylamine.
Acidified KMNO₄	Room temperature	Oxidising agent, converts alkenes to diols.
NaOH in ethanol	Reflux	Elimination reaction, converts haloalkanes to alkenes.

Intramolecular Cannizaro

i) Aluminium isobutoxide ii) Acetone (Oppenaur Oxidation)		Reverse of MPV oxidises alcohol to carbonyl

RO^- (Claisen Schmidt Reaction)

i) Acetic anhydride ii) Sodium acetate (Perkin’s reaction)

i) Aluminium isobutoxide ii) Propan-2 ol (MPV Reduction)		Reduces ketone to alcohol

Cannizaro Reaction		This is reaction of compounds which don’t have alpha hydrogen

Cross Cannizaro

Anhydrous H contains no water

i) CHCH₃ - Alc KOH ii) H₃O⁺ (Riemann Tiemann)

(i) CO₂ (ii) H3O⁺ (Kolbe’s reaction)	High Pressure

AlCl₃ (Fries rearrangement)	Heat

(i) K₂S₂O₈ (ii) H3O⁺(Elb’s persulphate oxidation)

(i) Fused NaOH (ii) H3O⁺ (Dow’s process)	High Pressure

KMnO₄, H⁺ (or) K₂Cr₂O₇, H+ (or) H₂CrO₄		Oxidises alcohol to acid

PCC (Pyrindinium) chloro chromate	Solvent CS₂	Restricted oxidation of alcohol. Forms aldehyde.

MnO₂ special oxidising agent for alcohol

HI
For 1 degree carbon
For 3 degree carbon

Conc HI contains very less water

(i) Alc KOH (ii) NaNH₂

X₂ CCI₄		Adds both X on compound having double or triple bond

Cold Dil KMnO4

Hot KMnO₄

CF₃SO₃^-		Super Leaving Group

LiAH₄ –ether		Reduces ester to alcohol

NaBH₄- ROH (protic solvent)		Reduces to alcohol but cannot act on ester

Cr₂O₂-Cu₂O	Heat, High Pressure	Causes cleavage and reduction of ester

OSO₄ + H₂O-NaHSO₃ or Cold Dilute KMnO₄ (Hydroxylation)		Gives syn vicinal dihalide from alkene

Per-formic acid (Anti Hydroxylation)		Gives anti vicinal diol

HBr in presence of H₂O₂ (Only for HBr)		Anti Marknokov’s

Hot Alkaline KMnO₄		Replaces “=” with either C = O or COOH

CH₂-I₂, ZnCu		Adds methyl in cyclic manner

Alcoholic KOH		Removes HX from compound and adds double bond

Zn dust		Removes all HX

H₂ PdBaSO₄ or S-Quinoline (Lindhar’s catalyst) or BH₃-THF		Reduces alkyne to alkene

Ph₃P = CH₂		Replaces O of Carbonyl with methyl

NOX

ONDM (Oxymercuration demercuration) (i) Hg (OAC)₂ + THF-H₂O (ii) NaBH₄-OH^-

NBS		Substitutes allyic carbon with aldehyde

(i) NH₂-NH₂ (ii) RO^-	heat	Reduces carbonyl group to ketone or aldehyde

H₃PO₂	Heat	Removes diazo group

LiAH₄ or NaBH₄ or Ph₃ SnH		Reduction
R₂ CuL (Lithium dialkylcuprate)		Removes halogen from RX and adds R

Mg-ether		Adds Mg between R & X
Red P + HI		Reduces all to corresponding alkanes

Name	Condition	Example
Br₂ + CS₂		Causes Br to go on ring

Br₂ + H₂O	Compound should be more activated than benzene

Sn + HCI		Reduces group
CuCI + HCI		Removes Diazo group

NH₄H or NaS or Na₂S		Special regents which reduce only 1 NO₂ group

CrO₂CI₂ + H₃O⁺		Converts toluene to benzaidehyde

List of Organic Reagents

Aqueous NaOH	Reflux	Nucleophilic substitution, converts haloalkanes to alcohols.
Mg in dry ether	Reflex	Used to make grignard reagents with haloalkanes.
PCI₅	Room temperature	Chlorinating agent, reacts with OH group in alcohols and carboxylic acids
HNO₃ and H2SO₄	55C	Adds NO₂ group onto benzene ring.
CI₃ and AICI₃	Warm gently	Adds CI group onto benzene ring.
CH₃CH₂CI and AICI₃	Warm gently	Adds CH₃CH₂ group onto benzene ring.
HCI and NaNO₂	Below 5C	Forms diazonium salts with phenylamine.

Name of Reagent	Conditions	Example of its Use
K₂Cr₂O₇ with conc. H₂SO₄	Warm gently	Oxidising agent, used commonly for oxidising secondary alcohols to ketones.
Excess conc. H₂SO₄	Heat to 170 C	Dehydrating agent, used to dehydrate alcohols to alkenes.
Cl₂(g)	Ultra Violet light	Free radical reaction, used to convert alkanes to haloalkanes.
Br₂ in CCI₄	Room temperature, in the dark	Electrophilic addition, converts alkenes to dihaloalkanes.
H₂(g)	Nickel catalyst, 300 C and 30 atmospheres pressure	Hydrogenating agent, used to convert benzene to cylcohexane.
H₂(g)	Nickel catalyst, 150 C	Reducing agent, used to convert alkenes to alkanes
Tin in hydrochloric acid	Reflux	Reducing agent for converting nitrobenzene to phenylamine.
Acidified KMNO₄	Room temperature	Oxidising agent, converts alkenes to diols.
NaOH in ethanol	Reflux	Elimination reaction, converts haloalkanes to alkenes.

Intramolecular Cannizaro

i) Aluminium isobutoxide ii) Acetone (Oppenaur Oxidation)		Reverse of MPV oxidises alcohol to carbonyl

RO^- (Claisen Schmidt Reaction)

i) Acetic anhydride ii) Sodium acetate (Perkin’s reaction)

i) Aluminium isobutoxide ii) Propan-2 ol (MPV Reduction)		Reduces ketone to alcohol

Cannizaro Reaction		This is reaction of compounds which don’t have alpha hydrogen

Cross Cannizaro

Anhydrous H contains no water

i) CHCH₃ - Alc KOH ii) H₃O⁺ (Riemann Tiemann)

(i) CO₂ (ii) H3O⁺ (Kolbe’s reaction)	High Pressure

AlCl₃ (Fries rearrangement)	Heat

(i) K₂S₂O₈ (ii) H3O⁺(Elb’s persulphate oxidation)

(i) Fused NaOH (ii) H3O⁺ (Dow’s process)	High Pressure

KMnO₄, H⁺ (or) K₂Cr₂O₇, H+ (or) H₂CrO₄		Oxidises alcohol to acid

PCC (Pyrindinium) chloro chromate	Solvent CS₂	Restricted oxidation of alcohol. Forms aldehyde.

MnO₂ special oxidising agent for alcohol

HI
For 1 degree carbon
For 3 degree carbon

Conc HI contains very less water

(i) Alc KOH (ii) NaNH₂

X₂ CCI₄		Adds both X on compound having double or triple bond

Cold Dil KMnO4

Hot KMnO₄

CF₃SO₃^-		Super Leaving Group

LiAH₄ –ether		Reduces ester to alcohol

NaBH₄- ROH (protic solvent)		Reduces to alcohol but cannot act on ester

Cr₂O₂-Cu₂O	Heat, High Pressure	Causes cleavage and reduction of ester

OSO₄ + H₂O-NaHSO₃ or Cold Dilute KMnO₄ (Hydroxylation)		Gives syn vicinal dihalide from alkene

Per-formic acid (Anti Hydroxylation)		Gives anti vicinal diol

HBr in presence of H₂O₂ (Only for HBr)		Anti Marknokov’s

Hot Alkaline KMnO₄		Replaces “=” with either C = O or COOH

CH₂-I₂, ZnCu		Adds methyl in cyclic manner

Alcoholic KOH		Removes HX from compound and adds double bond

Zn dust		Removes all HX

H₂ PdBaSO₄ or S-Quinoline (Lindhar’s catalyst) or BH₃-THF		Reduces alkyne to alkene

Ph₃P = CH₂		Replaces O of Carbonyl with methyl

NOX

ONDM (Oxymercuration demercuration) (i) Hg (OAC)₂ + THF-H₂O (ii) NaBH₄-OH^-

NBS		Substitutes allyic carbon with aldehyde

(i) NH₂-NH₂ (ii) RO^-	heat	Reduces carbonyl group to ketone or aldehyde

H₃PO₂	Heat	Removes diazo group

LiAH₄ or NaBH₄ or Ph₃ SnH		Reduction
R₂ CuL (Lithium dialkylcuprate)		Removes halogen from RX and adds R

Mg-ether		Adds Mg between R & X
Red P + HI		Reduces all to corresponding alkanes

Name	Condition	Example
Br₂ + CS₂		Causes Br to go on ring

Br₂ + H₂O	Compound should be more activated than benzene

Sn + HCI		Reduces group
CuCI + HCI		Removes Diazo group

NH₄H or NaS or Na₂S		Special regents which reduce only 1 NO₂ group

CrO₂CI₂ + H₃O⁺		Converts toluene to benzaidehyde

Important reagents in organic chemistry and their functions and also provide important points to remember in organic chemistry......

Shashank Kalakonda

1 Answer

Arun

'x' gm of a compound A3B2C5 contains 'y' gm of A atoms

Using above information
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Plz answer this query.....................................................................................................

how to represent the possible fischer projections for 2-bromohexane

Important reagents in organic chemistry and their functions and also provide important points to remember in organic chemistry......

Shashank Kalakonda

1 Answer

Arun

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