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This type of covalent bond is formed by head-on positive (same phase) overlap of atomic orbital along the inter-nuclear axis. This kind of overlapping is known as axial or head-on overlapping. Sigma Bond are the single bond formed during chemical combination. This can be formed in some of the following combination of atomic orbitals:
In this kind of overlapping, one half filed s orbital overlaps with another half filled p orbital from along the inter-nuclear axis to form bond.
In this kind of overlapping, one half filled p orbital from each participating atom undergoes head-on overlapping along the inter-nuclear axis.
Pi Bond(π)
This type of covalent bond is formed by side wise positive (same phase) overlap of atomic orbital along the perpendicular direction to the inter-nuclear axis. In the formation of π bonds, atomic orbital’s axis is parallel to each other and overlapping is perpendicular to the inter-nuclear axis. Pi Bond are the double or triple bond formed during chemical combination. The orbital formed by side wise overlapping of atomic orbital consists of two saucer type electronclouds above and below the plane of the two participating atoms.
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