how to find whethera group attached to benzene ring is ortho para or mea directing?

 An  Electron Donating Group(EDG)  is Ortho-para directing in nature when attached to a benzene ring. . Electron Withdrawing Groups(EWG) are  meta-directing in nature.

Halogens(-I,-Br,-F,-Cl)  as EDG are  exception because they have strong inductive effect. so overall deactivatig.

e.g,

Ortho-Para Directing Groups :

Alcohols(-OH), Ethers(-OR), -X(Halogens) , NH2  etc

Meta-Directing Groups :

-NO₂(Nitro) ,-SO₃H(Sulphonyl) ,Carbonyl Groups ,Esters(-COOR),Carboxylic Acids(-COOH) etc

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