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Briefly explain Oxidation states. Also give the different oxidation states os 3D series.
OXIDATION STATES
One of the most important property that distinguises transition elements from s- and p-blockelements is that they show variable oxidation states. s- and p-block elements have oxidation states either equal to their group number, G or equal to (8-G). The transition elements on the other hand exibit variable oxidation states.
This unique property is due to the fact that the energy levels of 3d, 4d and 5d orbitalsare fairly close to those of 4s, 5s and 6s orbitals respectively and, therefore, in addition to ns electrons variable number of (n-1) d electrons are also lost in getting various oxidation states.
MINIMUM OXIDATION STATE:
All the transition elements with the exception of Cr, Cu, Ag, Au and Hg which have a minimum oxidation state of +1 exibit a minimum oxidation state of +2. In most cases this +2 oxidation state arises due to the loss of two s-electrons.
MAXIMUM OXITADION STATE:
Each of the elements in group III B to VII B can show the maximum oxidation state equal to its group number. Thus, Cr in group VIB shows a maximum oxidation state of +6 in Cr2O72- ion. Most of the elements in VIII group show a maximum oxidation state equal to + 6. However, Ru and Os have a maximum oxidation state equal to +8 which is the highest oxidation state shown by any element.
The different oxidation states of 3d series:
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