sir say some tricks to understand the mechanism of reactions in organic chemistry (i.e inductive effect,electromeric effect,mesomeric effect, hyper conjugation ,resonance, carbocations ,carbenes ,carbanions, addition reactions, stability of bases, stearic factor? how to decide the stability of the "carbenes,carbocations,carbanions,bengly compounds " plz explain with diagrams

							
Dear student,
We know that methyl group is electron releasing i.e. has +I inductive  effect. The alkyl group attached to positively charged carbon atom  tends to release electrons towards carbon. This decreases the positive  charge on the carbon atom but the carbon itself is somewhat positive. As  a result, the positive charge on the carbon atom gets dispersed, giving  it stability. Therefore, more the number of alkyl groups, the greater  will be the dispersal of charge and therefore, more stable will be the  carbocation.
Thus, tertiary carbocation in which there are three alkyl groups  attached to positive carbon is more stable than a secondary carbocation  with two alkyl groups. Similarly, a secondary carbocation is more stable  than a primary carbocation, which in turn is more stable than methyl  carbocation:

Thus, the order of stability is: CH3+ < 1o < 2o < 3o
Other carbocations are benzyl carbocation, which is primary in nature but is highly stable because of resonance stabilization.
 

Triphenyl carbocation, Ph3C+ is the most stable because of resonance stabilization among three phenyl groups.






























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