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Many reactions which seem to be quite simple are indeed very complex. Thereactions proceed in different steps. In such stepwise complex reactions, theoverall reaction rate is determined by the slowest step among different steps.Various intermediate or unstable species are produced in different steps. Thus, anstablereaction involving many steps will lead to complex equations. In order to expressthe overall rate of a complex reaction in terms of the individual rate constants, aspecial treatment is required. In simple procedure, the intermediates such as theatoms and free radicals, the concentrations of which are necessarily low, areassumed to have a constant concentration during the course of reaction.According to steady – state treatment, it may be assumed that the rate offormation of intermediate is equal to to its rate of disappearance, orThis way, simple expressions for the concentration of intermediates can beobtained and hence an equation for the overall rate can be derived.
In chemistry, a steady state is a situation in which all state variables are constant in spite of ongoing processes that strive to change them. For an entire system to be at steady state, i.e. for all state variables of a system to be constant, there must be a flow through the system (compare mass balance). One of the most simple examples of such a system is the case of a bathtub with the tap open but without the bottom plug: after a certain time the water flows in and out at the same rate, so the water level (the state variable being Volume) stabilizes and the system is at steady state.
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