properties of silver

cyriac antony, 11 years ago

Grade:9

1 Answers

TANAYRAJ SINGH CHOUHAN

65 Points

11 years ago

Silver [Ag]
CAS-ID: 7440-22-4
An: 47 N: 61
Am: 107.8682 g/mol
Group No: 11
Group Name: Coinage metal
Block: d-block Period: 5
State: solid at 298 K
Colour: silver Classification: Metallic
Boiling Point: 2435K (2162°C)
Melting Point: 1234.93K (961.78°C)
Density: 10.49g/cm³

Discovery Information

Who: Known to the ancients. Silver has been coined to produce money since 700 BC by the Lydians, in the form of electrum. Later, silver was refined and coined in its pure form. The words for "silver" and "money" are the same in at least 14 languages.

Name Origin

Latin argentum (silver). Silver from old english seolfor for silver.

Sources

Found in ores called argentite (AgS), light ruby silver (Ag₃AsS₃), dark ruby silver (Ag₃SbS₃) and brittle silver. The main sources of silver are in Canada, Mexico (the largest producer), Peru, Australia and the USA. Around 10 thousand tons are produced annually.

Abundance

Universe: 0.0006 ppm (by weight)

Sun: 0.001 ppm (by weight)

Carbonaceous meteorite: 0.14 ppm

Earths Crust: 0.07 ppm

Seawater:

Atlantic surface: n/a ppm

Atlantic deep: n/a ppm

Pacific surface: 1 x 10^-7 ppm

Pacific deep: 2.4 x 10^-6 ppm

Uses

Used in alloys for jewellery, in many compounds, coins, photographic film and paper electronics, solder, mirrors and batteries.

History

Silver has been known since antiquity. It has long been valued as a precious metal and used in currency, ornaments and jewelry, as well as utensils (hence the term silverware). Silver bullion has the ISO currency code of XAG. Today, it is also used in photographic film, electrical contacts, and mirrors. Elemental silver is also used to catalyze chemical reactions.

Notes

Silver has been used for thousands of years for ornaments and utensils, for trade, and as the basis for many monetary systems. Its value as a precious metal was long considered second only to gold. In Ancient Egypt and Medieval Europe, it was often more valuable than gold.

Sterling silver is 92.5% silver and 7.5% other metals, usually copper, although other elements, such as germanium, zinc, platinum, silicon and boron can also be used to improve various properties.

Electrons per shell	2,8,18,18,1
Electron Configuration	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s¹
Ground state	²S_1/2
Atomic Volume	10.3 cm³ mol^-1
Electronegativity	1.93
Magnetic ordering	Diamagnetic
Mass magnetic susceptibility	-2.3 x 10^-9
Molar magnetic susceptibility	-2.48 x 10^-10
Speed of sound	2680 m s^-1

Thermal Properties
Enthalpy of Atomization	284.5 kJ mol^-1 @25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion	11.3 kJ mol^-1
Enthalpy of Vaporisation	257.7 kJ mol^-1
Heat Capacity	25.350 J mol^-1 K^-1
Thermal Conductivity	429 W m^-1 K^-1
Thermal Expansion	18.9 μm m^-1 K^-1

Hardness
Brinell hardness	24.5 MPa
Mohs hardness	2.5
Vickers hardness	251 MPa

Elastic Properties
Bulk modulus	100 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.37
Shear modulus	30 GPa
Youngs modulus	83 GPa

Electrical Properties
Electrical resistivity	1.6 x 10^-8 Ω m
Electrical conductivity	0.63 10⁶/cm Ω

Chemical Properties
Electrochemical Equivalent	4.0246 g Ah^-1
Electron Work Function	4.26 eV
Valence Electron Potential (-eV)	11.4
Ionization Potential
First	7.576
Second	21.49
Third	34.83
Incompatibilities	Acetylene (C₂H₂), ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), bromoazide, chlorine trifluoride (ClF₃), ethyleneimine (C₂H₅N), oxalic acid (C₂H₂O₄), tartaric acid (C₄H₆O₆).

Flammability
Non-combustible solid (except as dust)

Energy Levels
K_α1 (intensity 100)	22.16292 KeV
K_α2 (intensity 50)	21.9903 KeV
K_β1 (intensity 18.4)	24.9424 KeV
K_β2 (intensity 4.6)	25.4527 KeV
K_β3 (intensity 8.3)	24.9074 KeV
L_α1 (intensity 100)	2.98431 KeV
L_α2 (intensity 10)	2.97821 KeV
L_β1 (intensity 44)	3.15094 KeV
L_β2 (intensity 11)	3.34781 KeV
L_β3 (intensity 9)	3.2324 KeV
L_β4 (intensity 4)	3.2028 KeV
L_γ1 (intensity 3)	3.51959 KeV
L_γ2 (intensity 1.5)	3.7492 KeV
L_γ3 (intensity 2)	2.806 KeV
L_l (intensity 4.5)	2.6305 KeV

Atomic Radii
Empirical	160 pm
Bohr Radius	165 pm
Covalent Radius	153 pm
Van der Waals	172 pm
Triple covalent	137 pm
Metallic	144 pm

Oxidation States
Main	Ag⁺¹

Other	Ag⁰, Ag⁺², Ag⁺³

Ionisation Energies (kJ mol^-1)
M - M⁺	731
M⁺ - M²⁺	2073
M²⁺ - M³⁺	3361
M³⁺ - M⁴⁺	5000
M⁴⁺ - M⁵⁺	6700
M⁵⁺ - M⁶⁺	8600
M⁶⁺ - M⁷⁺	11200
M⁷⁺ - M⁸⁺	13400
M⁸⁺ - M⁹⁺	15600
M⁹⁺ - M¹⁰⁺	18000