Suppose in a series circuit, 3 bulbs are connected.

Then how does the current know to reserve some part of its energy for the other component? Why not whole of its energy used in the first component only?

It’s not reserving. The flow of electrons consumes the energy and this flow (which depends on collisions suffered by them) is completed by the circuit. If first bulb gets all energy means you are assuming all electrons only cross first bulb but that means you assume charge accumulation at a point!

In series phenomena, current remains same, Total electrical energy is sum of individual ones.
The energy of particular bulb is subjected to their resistance offer.