which of the following prevents the photo-oxidation and destruction of chlorophylls

1. phycoerythrin
2. phytochrome
3. phytohormone
4. carotenoids

In oxygenicphotosyntheticorganisms, specificallyfloraandcyanobacteria, the carotenoid β-carotene plays a vital role in thephotosynthetic reaction centrewhere, due to quantum mechanical reasons arising from the symmetry of the molecule, it provides a mechanism for photoprotection againstauto-oxidation. They also participate in the energy-transfer process. In non-photosynthesizing organisms, such ashumans, carotenoids have been linked to oxidation-preventing mechanisms.