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When we notice different weather patterns, we usually think of what's in the air. But did you know that a lot of what happens in the air is because of the temperature of the oceans? El Niño is an abnormal weather pattern caused by the warming of the Pacific Ocean near the equator, off the coast of South America. The sun warms the water near the equator, which can make more clouds and, therefore, more rain. However, normally there are trade winds, which blow that warm water west. During El Niño, though, those trade winds weaken, or even reverse, which lets the warm water that is usually found in the western Pacific remain or flow east. This warm water displaces the cooler water that is normally found near the surface of the eastern Pacific, setting off atmospheric changes that affect weather patterns in many parts of the world.
A temperature increase of least 0.9 F (0.5 C) needs to occur in the waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean near the equator for it to be considered an El Niño year. Although El Niño does not occur in a perfectly regular pattern, it seems to happen every 2 to 7 years. Following an El Niño, an opposite phenomenon occurs, called La Niña. During La Niña, the eastern Pacific Ocean experiences cooler than normal temperatures around the equator.
The effects of El Niño are strong and can wreak havoc on weather systems around the world. The changes vary drastically around the globe.
Along the Pacific coast of the Americas, El Niño can cause severe storms and flooding. Peru and Ecuador usually receive the brunt of the force of El Niño. During the months of April - October, this area experiences increased rain fall.
Regards
Arun (askIITians forum expert)
This, in turn, affects wind circulation, air temperature, and precipitation patterns, impacting the weather around the world. While no two El Niño events are exactly alike, historical data gives a good idea of what could happen. This year’s El Niño is predicted to be a strong global event and has already triggered flooding, drought, and fires
in some countries, while also affecting the path and number of tropical cyclones.
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