Tarnished copper vessels develop a greenish layer of copper oxide or copper carbonate due to exposure to air and moisture. This tarnishing happens as copper reacts with oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water in the environment. The resulting compounds, like copper(II) oxide (CuO), copper(I) oxide (Cu2O), and copper carbonate (CuCO3), form a dull, non-metallic coating on the surface of the copper.
Sour substances like lemon and tamarind are effective in cleaning these vessels because they contain acids—citric acid in lemons and tartaric acid in tamarind. These acids react with the copper oxides and carbonates, breaking them down and dissolving them, thus restoring the shiny, metallic surface of the copper vessel.