What is a P-type and N-type semiconductor?

A P-type and N-type semiconductor are two different types of semiconductors that have different electrical properties due to the way impurities are introduced into them.

P-type Semiconductor:

A P-type semiconductor is created by doping a pure semiconductor (like silicon) with an element that has fewer valence electrons than the semiconductor.
Typically, an element from group III of the periodic table, such as boron (B), is used as a dopant. Silicon, for example, has 4 valence electrons, and boron has only 3.
This creates "holes" in the semiconductor structure because the boron atom can only form three bonds with the neighboring silicon atoms, leaving one bond unfilled. These holes act as positive charge carriers.
In a P-type semiconductor, the majority carriers are holes, while the minority carriers are electrons.
The name "P-type" refers to the positive charge carriers (holes).
N-type Semiconductor:

An N-type semiconductor is created by doping a pure semiconductor with an element that has more valence electrons than the semiconductor.
Typically, an element from group V of the periodic table, such as phosphorus (P), is used as a dopant. Phosphorus has 5 valence electrons, and silicon has 4.
This extra electron from the phosphorus atom becomes a free electron in the semiconductor, which can move through the material and conduct electricity.
In an N-type semiconductor, the majority carriers are electrons, while the minority carriers are holes.
The name "N-type" refers to the negative charge carriers (electrons).
In summary:

P-type semiconductor: Majority charge carriers are holes (positive).
N-type semiconductor: Majority charge carriers are electrons (negative).