How will you convert benzene into p-nitrobromobenzene?

To convert benzene into p-nitrobromobenzene, you'll need to follow a series of steps involving multiple reactions. Here's a step-by-step guide:

Step 1: Nitration of benzene
Start by nitration of benzene to introduce the nitro group (NO2). This is typically achieved using a mixture of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst. The reaction conditions are usually kept around room temperature. The nitration of benzene results in the formation of nitrobenzene.

Step 2: Bromination of nitrobenzene
Next, brominate the nitrobenzene to substitute one of the hydrogen atoms with a bromine atom. This reaction is usually performed using bromine (Br2) in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as iron (III) bromide (FeBr3). The reaction occurs at a moderate temperature. The product of this step is bromonitrobenzene.

Step 3: Conversion of bromonitrobenzene to p-nitrobromobenzene
Finally, convert the bromonitrobenzene to p-nitrobromobenzene by selectively replacing the bromine atom at the para position (opposite to the nitro group) with a nitro group. This reaction is typically carried out using sodium nitrite (NaNO2) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) at low temperatures. The reaction conditions and specific reagents may vary depending on the synthesis method chosen.

By following these steps, you can convert benzene into p-nitrobromobenzene. It's important to note that these reactions involve potentially hazardous chemicals and should be performed with proper safety precautions in a controlled laboratory environment by trained individuals.