Convert (i) 3-Methylaniline into 3-nitrotoluene.

To convert 3-Methylaniline into 3-nitrotoluene, you need to perform a nitration reaction. Nitration involves the introduction of a nitro group (-NO2) into an aromatic compound. Here's a step-by-step procedure for the conversion:

Step 1: Acquire the necessary reagents and equipment, including 3-Methylaniline (also known as 3-methylbenzenamine), concentrated nitric acid (HNO3), and concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Ensure that you have proper safety precautions in place, as this reaction can be hazardous.

Step 2: Set up a reaction vessel and cooling system. You'll need a round-bottom flask and a condenser for this purpose.

Step 3: Add 3-Methylaniline (3-methylbenzenamine) to the reaction vessel.

Step 4: Mix concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in a separate container. This mixture is known as "mixed acid" and will be used to nitrate the 3-Methylaniline.

Step 5: Gradually add the mixed acid to the reaction vessel containing 3-Methylaniline while maintaining cooling to control the temperature. This addition should be done dropwise or very slowly to prevent excessive heating and potential explosive reactions.

Step 6: Stir the reaction mixture gently and continue to cool it throughout the addition of the mixed acid.

Step 7: After the addition is complete, allow the reaction mixture to stir and cool for some time. This step is crucial to ensure the nitration reaction goes to completion.

Step 8: Once the reaction has occurred, you can quench it by carefully pouring the reaction mixture into a large volume of ice water. This will neutralize any remaining acids and stop the reaction.

Step 9: Extract the organic layer (containing your product, 3-nitrotoluene) from the aqueous layer using a separatory funnel.

Step 10: Wash the organic layer with water to remove any remaining acid or impurities.

Step 11: Dry the organic layer with anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove any residual water.

Step 12: Carefully distill the product, 3-nitrotoluene, to purify it. You should obtain 3-nitrotoluene as the distillate.

Step 13: Analyze the product using spectroscopic methods (e.g., NMR, IR) to confirm its identity and purity.

Please note that nitration reactions can be hazardous and should only be performed by experienced individuals in a well-equipped laboratory with appropriate safety precautions in place. Additionally, be aware of local regulations and safety guidelines when working with chemicals.