Helotism is a term used for the symbiosis of

• (a) Algae and bacteria
• (b) Algae and bryophytes
• (c) Algae and pteridophytes
• (d) Algae and fungi

Helotism refers to a specific type of symbiotic relationship primarily involving algae and fungi. In this partnership, algae provide photosynthetic nutrients, while fungi offer protection and moisture. This relationship is commonly seen in lichens, where both organisms thrive together.

Key Points about Helotism

• Definition: A symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi.
• Function: Algae produce food through photosynthesis; fungi enhance nutrient absorption.
• Examples: Lichens are the most well-known examples of helotism.

In summary, the correct answer to your question is (d) Algae and fungi.