Excessive exposure of humans to UV-rays results in

• (i) Damage to immune system
• (ii) Damage to lungs
• (iii) Skin cancer
• (iv) Peptic ulcers

(a) (i) and (ii)

(b) (ii) and (iv)

(c) (i) and (iii)

(d) (iii) and (iv)

When considering the effects of excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, it's essential to understand how these rays interact with our body. UV rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun, and while they play a role in vitamin D synthesis, overexposure can lead to several health issues. Let's break down the options provided in your question.

Understanding the Effects of UV Rays

Excessive UV exposure primarily affects the skin and immune system. Here’s a closer look at the options:

• Damage to the immune system: UV rays can suppress the immune response, making the body less effective at fighting off infections and diseases.
• Damage to lungs: While UV rays can affect the respiratory system indirectly (for example, through air pollution), they are not directly linked to lung damage.
• Skin cancer: This is one of the most well-known consequences of prolonged UV exposure. It can lead to various types of skin cancer, including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
• Peptic ulcers: These are primarily caused by factors like bacteria (H. pylori) and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), not UV exposure.

Analyzing the Options

Now, let’s evaluate the answer choices based on the information above:

• (i) and (ii): This option includes immune system damage, which is correct, but lung damage is not a direct effect of UV exposure.
• (ii) and (iv): Neither lung damage nor peptic ulcers are directly caused by UV rays, so this option is incorrect.
• (i) and (iii): This option correctly identifies both immune system damage and skin cancer as consequences of excessive UV exposure.
• (iii) and (iv): While skin cancer is a valid effect, peptic ulcers are not related to UV exposure.

Conclusion

Based on this analysis, the correct answer is (c) (i) and (iii). Excessive exposure to UV rays can lead to damage to the immune system and is a significant risk factor for developing skin cancer. Protecting yourself from UV rays through sunscreen, protective clothing, and avoiding peak sun hours is crucial for maintaining your health.