How can concentrated hydrochloric acid be diluted to obtain a 10% HCl solution?

To dilute concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) to a desired concentration, such as 10% HCl, you'll need to follow these steps:

Safety Note: Hydrochloric acid is a strong corrosive chemical, so it's important to handle it with care and wear appropriate safety equipment, including gloves and safety goggles. Work in a well-ventilated area.

Materials you'll need:

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (e.g., 37% HCl).
Distilled water.
A container for mixing (e.g., a glass beaker or plastic container).
A stirring rod.
A graduated cylinder or measuring cup.
Procedure:

Calculate the Amount Needed:

Determine the volume of the 10% HCl solution you want to prepare. Let's say you want to make 500 mL of 10% HCl.

Calculate the amount of concentrated HCl required using the equation:

Amount of Concentrated HCl (mL) = (Volume of 10% HCl solution desired / Desired Concentration of HCl) * 100

For example, for 500 mL of 10% HCl:

Amount of Concentrated HCl (mL) = (500 mL / 0.10) * 100 = 5000 mL (or 5 liters)

You will need 5 liters of concentrated HCl.

Prepare a Mixing Container:

Use a suitable container for mixing. Ensure it's clean and free from any contaminants.
Add Concentrated HCl:

Carefully measure the required amount of concentrated HCl (5 liters in this example) using a graduated cylinder or measuring cup. Pour it into the mixing container.
Dilute with Distilled Water:

Add distilled water to the mixing container to reach the desired final volume (500 mL in this example).
Stir the mixture gently with a stirring rod to ensure thorough mixing. Be cautious, as the dilution process can generate heat. Ensure good ventilation during this step.
Safety Precautions:

Always add acid to water, not the other way around, to prevent splattering.
Dispose of any unused concentrated HCl properly, following safety regulations and guidelines for chemical waste disposal.
Label the Solution:

Clearly label the container with the concentration (10% HCl), date of preparation, and any other relevant information.
Store Safely:

Store the diluted HCl solution in a well-labeled, tightly sealed container, away from incompatible chemicals, and in a safe place.
Remember that concentrated HCl is highly corrosive and can release harmful fumes. Always work in a well-ventilated area, use appropriate personal protective equipment, and follow safety guidelines when handling chemicals.