Write short notes on the functions of Insulin and Glucagon.

Insulin:

Function: Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia).
Main Action: It facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, especially in muscle, adipose (fat), and liver cells.
Glucose Regulation: Insulin helps lower blood sugar levels by promoting the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles, and by decreasing the production of glucose by the liver (gluconeogenesis).
Protein Synthesis: Insulin supports protein synthesis and inhibits protein breakdown, aiding in muscle growth and maintenance.
Lipid Storage: It encourages the conversion of excess glucose into fats (lipogenesis) for storage in adipose tissue.
Cellular Uptake: Insulin promotes the uptake of amino acids and potassium into cells.
Overall Effect: Insulin acts to bring down high blood sugar levels and store excess nutrients for future energy needs.
Glucagon:

Function: Glucagon is a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas when blood sugar levels are low (hypoglycemia).
Main Action: It raises blood sugar levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and muscles into glucose (glycogenolysis) and stimulating the production of new glucose from amino acids and other precursors (gluconeogenesis).
Liver Interaction: Glucagon activates enzymes in the liver that release stored glucose into the bloodstream.
Fat Breakdown: It encourages the breakdown of fats (lipolysis) in adipose tissue, releasing fatty acids for energy production.
Opposite of Insulin: While insulin lowers blood sugar by facilitating its uptake into cells, glucagon raises blood sugar by mobilizing stored glucose and promoting glucose synthesis.
Counterbalance: Insulin and glucagon have a counterbalancing effect, helping to maintain stable blood sugar levels throughout the day.
Overall Balance: The interplay between insulin and glucagon ensures that blood sugar levels remain within a relatively narrow range, allowing the body to respond to varying energy demands and dietary intake. Insulin promotes energy storage and use when glucose is abundant, while glucagon releases stored energy when glucose is scarce.