What are the different types of adventitious root modifications?

Adventitious roots are roots that form from non-root tissues, such as stems, leaves, or old root parts. These roots can undergo various modifications to perform specific functions. Here are some common types of adventitious root modifications:

Prop Roots:

Description: These roots grow from the stem and provide extra support to the plant.
Example: Banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis).
Stilt Roots:

Description: These roots grow obliquely from the lower nodes of the stem and help support the plant in an upright position.
Example: Maize (Zea mays), Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum).
Climbing Roots:

Description: These roots arise from the nodes or internodes and help the plant to climb.
Example: Ivy (Hedera helix), Betel (Piper betle).
Storage Roots:

Description: These roots are modified to store food and water.
Example: Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas).
Pneumatophores:

Description: These specialized roots grow upwards from the soil and help in gas exchange.
Example: Mangroves (Rhizophora spp.).
Buttress Roots:

Description: These roots spread out from the base of the trunk and provide additional stability to large trees.
Example: Fig tree (Ficus spp.).
Aerial Roots:

Description: These roots are exposed to the air and can absorb moisture and nutrients directly from the atmosphere.
Example: Orchid (Orchidaceae).
Contractile Roots:

Description: These roots can contract and pull the plant deeper into the soil, often found in bulbs and corms.
Example: Lily (Lilium spp.), Dandelion (Taraxacum spp.).
Each type of adventitious root modification is an adaptation to the specific needs and environment of the plant.