how much mark u get in 10 Revision Notes on ThermodynamicsThermodynamics:- It is the branch of physics which deals with process involving heat, work and internal energy. Thermodynamics is concerned with macroscopic behavior rather than microscopic behavior of the system.Basic Terminology:-SystemPart of the universe under investigation.Open SystemA system which can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings.Closed SystemA system which permits passage of energy but not mass, across its boundary.Isolated systemA system which can neither exchange energy nor matter with its surrounding.SurroundingsPart of the universe other than system, which can interact with it.BoundaryAnything which separates system from surrounding.State variablesThe variables which are required to be defined in order to define state of any system i.e. pressure, volume, mass, temperature, surface area, etc.State FunctionsProperty of system which depend only on the state of the system and not on the path.Example: Pressure, volume, temperature, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy etc.Intensive propertiesProperties of a system which do not depend on mass of the system i.e. Temperature, pressure, density, concentration,Extensive propertiesProperties of a system which depend on mass of the system i.e. Volume, energy, enthalpy, entropy etc.ProcessPath along which state of a system changes.Isothermal processProcess which takes place at constant temperatureIsobaric processProcess which takes place at constant pressureIsochoric processProcess which takes place at constant volume.Adiabatic processProcess during which transfer of heat cannot take place between system and surrounding.Cyclic processProcess in which system comes back to its initial state after undergoing series of changes.Reversible processProcess during which the system always departs infinitesimally from the state of equilibrium i.e. its direction can be reversed at any moment.Kinetic Energy:- Energy possessedby the atoms or molecules by virtue of their motionis called kinetic energy.Internal Energy (ΔU):- Sum total of kinetic and potential energies of atoms/molecules constituting a system is called the internal energy of the system.\t(a) ΔU is taken as positive if the internal energy of the system increases.(b) ΔU is taken as negative if the internal energy of the system decreases.\tHeat:- Heat is the part of internal energy which is transferred from one body to another an account of the temperature difference.\tWork:- Work is said to be done when a force acting on a system displaces the body in its own direction.dW = Fdx = PdVW = P(Vf -Vi)(a) If the gas expands, work is said to be done by the system. In this case Vf > Vi, therefore, W will be positive.(b) If the gas is compressed, work is said to be done on the system. In this case VfVi, therefore, work done is negative.Thermodynamic variables or parameters:- The thermodynamic state of system can be determined by quantities like temperature (T), volume (V), pressure (P), internal energy (U) etc. These quantities are known as thermodynamic variables, or the parameters of the system.Equation of state:- A relation between the values of any of the three thermodynamic variables for the system, is called its equation of state.

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