{"id":9070,"date":"2016-03-28T15:09:40","date_gmt":"2016-03-28T09:39:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/?p=9070"},"modified":"2016-03-28T15:09:40","modified_gmt":"2016-03-28T09:39:40","slug":"internal-structure-stem-roots-leaves","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/internal-structure-stem-roots-leaves\/","title":{"rendered":"Internal structure of stem, roots &amp; leaves: An important topic covered in AIPMT exam"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Biology is not only about studying the external features of living organisms. Internal study is equally important.\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0 In medical entrance examination, you will surely get a question from <b>internal study<\/b> of different parts of plant and of animal as well. Here we are going to take a look to internal structure of stem, roots &amp; leaves.<\/p>\n<p><b>Stemis so responsible inside! Structurally monocot &amp; dicot stems are quite different<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2s do a comparative study of both.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Do not worry about the <b>difficult terms<\/b>. I have explained them <b>at the end of article<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><b>\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0 Features<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"257\">\n<p align=\"center\"><b>Dicot Stem<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"268\">\n<p align=\"center\"><b>Monocot Stem<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><b>Epidermis<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"257\">Bears multicellular hair.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"268\">Absent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><b>Hypodermis<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"257\">Made up of few layers of collenchyma<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"268\">Scelernchymatous cells are present<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><b>Ground Tissues<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"257\">Cortex, endodermis, pericycle, medullary rays &amp; pith<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"268\">Not differentiated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><b>Cortex<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"257\">Parenchymatous &amp; differentiated<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"268\">Parenchymatous &amp; not differentiated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><b>Vascular Bundles<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"257\">Arranged in ring &amp; Wedge shaped.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"268\">Numerous &amp;dispersed with oval shape.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><b>Secondary Growth<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"257\">Cambium is present (Open type )&amp; secondary growth takes place (Except young stem)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"268\">Cambium is absent (Close type) &amp; no secondary growth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><b>Vascular Bundle (Nature)<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"257\">Open, collateral, endarch, conjoint<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"268\">Close, collateral, endarch, conjoint<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><b>Image<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"257\">\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/122.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9071\" src=\"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/122.png\" alt=\"12\" width=\"352\" height=\"286\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"268\">\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/132.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9072\" src=\"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/132.png\" alt=\"13\" width=\"309\" height=\"277\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>Do you know the root of roots?<\/b><\/p>\n<p>I think it will be easy for you to learn the comparative study of roots as well.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"91\"><b>\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0 Features<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">\n<p align=\"center\"><b>Dicot Root<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\n<p align=\"center\"><b>Monocot Root<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"91\"><b>Ground Tissue<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">Cortex, endodermis, Pericycle &amp; Pith<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">Same<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"91\"><b>Epiblema<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">Single celled outermost layer with root hair<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">Same<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"91\"><b>Pith<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">Not well developed<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">Developed with bigger area occupied<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"91\"><b>Vascular bundles<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">No. of vascular bundles \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 2 \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 6Secondary growth present.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">No. of vascular bundles \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 more than 6Secondary growth absent.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"91\"><b>Vascular bundles (Nature)<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">Xylem bundles \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 exarchXylem vessels \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 Polygonal<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">Xylem bundles \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 exarchXylem vessels \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 Oval<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"91\"><b>Pericycle<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">Single layered &amp; composed of Prosenchyma.Lateral roots &amp; secondary meristem arise from pericycle<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">Single layered &amp; it is inner to endodermis. Only lateral roots arise from pericycle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"91\"><b>Image<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/1311.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9074\" src=\"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/1311.png\" alt=\"131\" width=\"349\" height=\"306\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/1321.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9075\" src=\"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/1321.png\" alt=\"132\" width=\"300\" height=\"315\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>So Guys! Want to study the comparative study of leaves as well?<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Let\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u201e\u00a2s do it by telling you the detail as well.\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0 Leaves are <b>dorsiventral in dicots <\/b>&amp; <b>isobilateral in monocots<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p><b>Dorsiventral leaves<\/b>\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 To study these leaves, transverse section of mid rib in dicot leaf is studied.<\/p>\n<p>The structures which are seen and studied in this leaf are:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/143.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9076\" src=\"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/143.png\" alt=\"14\" width=\"611\" height=\"248\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Upper epidermis<\/strong> \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 Single layered with thick cuticle on outside. Cuticle protects inner parts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Epidermis controls transpiration rate. Cells are of parenchymatous type in it &amp; they are without chlorophyll.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lower epidermis<\/strong> \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 Single layered with numerous stomata. Guard cells have chloroplast.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Stomata help in exchange of gases.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mesophyll<\/strong> \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 It is the ground tissue between upper&amp; lower epidermis. Two types of parenchymatous cells are present.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Palisade Parenchyma<\/strong> \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153Long &amp; tubular cells. 2-3 layers are present. Photosynthesis occurs in it.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Spongy Parenchyma<\/strong> \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 Cells are irregular in shape. Air cavities &amp; intercellular spaces are present in it. They also show photosynthesis.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Vascular Bundle<\/strong> \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 Larger towards the base of leaf blade.\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0 Its size is smaller towards leaf apex &amp; margin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Isobilateral leaves \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153<\/b> Here also, transverse section of monocot leaf (wheat, maize etc.) is studied.<\/p>\n<p>Structures observed are:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/153.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9077\" src=\"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/153.png\" alt=\"15\" width=\"642\" height=\"203\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Upper &amp; lower epidermis<\/strong> \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 Both are single layered with stomata in it.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mesophyll<\/strong> \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 Only spongy parenchyma is present in it. \u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0Palisade parenchyma is present only in few leaves.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vascular bundle<\/strong> \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00e2\u20ac\u0153 Sclerenchyma is present below &amp; above the vascular bundle. Simple parenchyma is also present on the lateral side of vascular bundle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>I think; now doing a comparative study of both will be easy for you as I have provided all data here. Stillif you find any doubt or issue in it please post it on discussion board <span style=\"color: #888888;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/forums\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">here<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong>.<\/span> Your all queries will be answered J<\/p>\n<p>And yes now you can take a look to some of the difficult terms used in my blog.<\/p>\n<p><b>Conjoint<\/b>:\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0 Here xylem and phloem lies in same bundle.<\/p>\n<p><b>Collateral<\/b>: Phloem is present towards the outer side and xylem lies toward the inner side.<\/p>\n<p><b>Open<\/b>: When Cambium is present between phloem and xylem.<\/p>\n<p><b>Closed:<\/b> Here Cambium is absent between phloem and xylem.<\/p>\n<p><b>Exarch<\/b>: When protoxylem lies towards the outerside&amp;metaxylem is present towards the centre.<\/p>\n<p><b>Endarch<\/b>: When metaxylem occurs towards the outer side and protoxylem towards the inner side.<\/p>\n<p><b>Prosenchyma<\/b>&#8211; It is a plant tissue with elongated cells &amp; tapering ends in it.<\/p>\n<p>Thank you for showing interest in my blog. I am <b>Anjali Ahuja, a member of askIITians family<\/b>. We have created study material for AIPMT aspiring students. Click the <strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/biology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">link<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong> and buy whatever you like.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Biology is not only about studying the external features of living organisms. Internal study is equally important.\u00c3\u201a\u00c2\u00a0 In medical entrance examination, you will surely get a question from internal study of different parts of plant and of animal as well. Here we are going to take a look to internal structure of stem, roots &amp; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9077,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9070","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medical-exams","category-school-exams"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9070","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9070"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9070\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9077"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9070"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9070"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9070"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}