Organic Chemistry
Concepts: Hybridisation of carbon; σ and π-bonds; Shapes of simple organic molecules;
Structural and geometrical isomerism; Optical isomerism of compounds containing up to two
asymmetric centres, (R,S and E,Z nomenclature excluded); IUPAC nomenclature of simple
organic compounds (only hydrocarbons, mono-functional and bi-functional compounds);
Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman projections); Resonance and hyperconjugation;
Keto-enoltautomerism; Determination of empirical and molecular formulae of simple
compounds (only combustion method); Hydrogen bonds: definition and their effects on physical
properties of alcohols and carboxylic acids; Inductive and resonance effects on acidity and
basicity of organic acids and bases; Polarity and inductive effects in alkyl halides; Reactive
intermediates produced during homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage; Formation, structure
and stability of carbocations, carbanions and free radicals.
Preparation, properties and reactions of alkanes: Homologous series, physical properties of
alkanes (melting points, boiling points and density); Combustion and halogenation of alkanes;
Preparation of alkanes by Wurtz reaction and decarboxylation reactions.
Preparation, properties and reactions of alkenes and alkynes: Physical properties of alkenes and
alkynes (boiling points, density and dipole moments); Acidity of alkynes; Acid catalysed
hydration of alkenes and alkynes (excluding the stereochemistry of addition and elimination);
Reactions of alkenes with KMnO4 and ozone; Reduction of alkenes and alkynes; Preparation of
alkenes and alkynes by elimination reactions; Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes with
X2, HX, HOX and H2O (X=halogen); Addition reactions of alkynes; Metal acetylides.
Reactions of benzene: Structure and aromaticity; Electrophilic substitution reactions:
halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation; Effect of o-, mand
p-directing groups in monosubstituted benzenes.
Phenols: Acidity, electrophilic substitution reactions (halogenation, nitration and sulphonation);
Reimer-Tieman reaction, Kolbe reaction.
Characteristic reactions of the following (including those mentioned above): Alkyl halides:
rearrangement reactions of alkyl carbocation, Grignard reactions, nucleophilic substitution
reactions; Alcohols: esterification, dehydration and oxidation, reaction with sodium, phosphorus
halides, ZnCl2/concentrated HCl, conversion of alcohols into aldehydes and ketones; Ethers:
Preparation by Williamson’s Synthesis; Aldehydes and Ketones: oxidation, reduction, oxime
and hydrazone formation; aldol condensation, Perkin reaction; Cannizzaro reaction; haloform
reaction and nucleophilic addition reactions (Grignard addition); Carboxylic acids: formation of
esters, acid chlorides and amides, ester hydrolysis; Amines: basicity of substituted anilines and
aliphatic amines, preparation from nitro compounds, reaction with nitrous acid, azo coupling
reaction of diazonium salts of aromatic amines, Sandmeyer and related reactions of diazonium
salts; carbylamine reaction; Haloarenes: nucleophilic aromatic substitution in haloarenes and
substituted haloarenes (excluding Benzyne mechanism and Cine substitution).
Carbohydrates: Classification; mono- and di-saccharides (glucose and sucrose); Oxidation,
reduction, glycoside formation and hydrolysis of sucrose.
Amino acids and peptides: General structure (only primary structure for peptides) and physical
properties.
Properties and uses of some important polymers: Natural rubber, cellulose, nylon, teflon and
PVC.
Practical organic chemistry: Detection of elements (N, S, halogens); Detection and identification
of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and
ketone), carboxyl, amino and nitro; Chemical methods of separation of mono-functional organic
compounds from binary mixtures.