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what is chemical bonding

what is chemical bonding

Grade:12th pass

7 Answers

deepak
19 Points
8 years ago
T
Gayatri Jayesh Bondriya
521 Points
8 years ago
The Chemical Bond
The atoms of a compound are held together by chemical bonds formed by the interaction of electrons from each atom. According to the octet rule Section 5.7C1, atoms bond together to form molecules in such a way that each atom participating in a chemical bond acquires an electron configuration resembling that of the noble gas nearest it in the periodic table. Thus the outer shell of each bonded atom will contain eight electrons (or two electrons for hydrogen and lithium).
The simplest chemical bond is that formed between two hydrogen atoms. Each hydrogen atom has one electron. As the two atoms approach each other, the nucleus of one atom attracts the electron of the other. Eventually the two orbitals overlap, becoming a single orbital containing two electrons (see Figure 7.1).
The Chemical Bond
The atoms of a compound are held together by chemical bonds formed by the interaction of electrons from each atom. According to the octet rule Section 5.7C1, atoms bond together to form molecules in such a way that each atom participating in a chemical bond acquires an electron configuration resembling that of the noble gas nearest it in the periodic table. Thus the outer shell of each bonded atom will contain eight electrons (or two electrons for hydrogen and lithium).
The simplest chemical bond is that formed between two hydrogen atoms. Each hydrogen atom has one electron. As the two atoms approach each other, the nucleus of one atom attracts the electron of the other. Eventually the two orbitals overlap, becoming a single orbital containing two electrons (see Figure 7.1).
FIGURE 7.1 Two hydrogen atoms, each with one electron, combine to form a hydrogen molecule, in which the two electrons are shared between the atoms and serve to give each atom a filled valence shell.
This orbital encompasses space around both nuclei. Although the electrons may be in any part of this orbital, we can predict that they are most likely to be in the space between the nuclei, shielding one nucleus from the other and being attracted by both. In the resulting molecule, both atoms have two electrons and a filled outer (valence) shell. These shared electrons form a bond between the two atoms. This chemical bond is a covalent bond, a pair of electrons shared between two atoms. When this bond forms, energy is released. This release of energy shows that the molecule of hydrogen is more stable than the separate atoms.
Gayatri Jayesh Bondriya
521 Points
8 years ago
A. Covalent, Polar covalent, and Ionic Bonds
Because the hydrogen molecule contains two identical atoms, it can be assumed that the bonding electrons in this covalent bond are shared equally by these atoms.
Most chemical bonds are not between like atoms but form between atoms of different elements. These bonds are slightly different from that in a hydrogen molecule. Consider the bond between hydrogen and chlorine: Again both atoms require one more electron to satisfy the octet rule. As the atoms come together, their orbitals overlap and the two atoms share a pair of electrons. However, the hydrogen-chlorine bond differs from the hydrogen-hydrogen bond because the electrons are not shared equally between hydrogen and chlorine but are more strongly attracted to the chlorine. They are more apt to be found close to the chlorine than close to the hydrogen. Because of this unequal sharing, the chlorine atom assumes a slightly negative character and the hydrogen atom a slightly positive character. We say that the bond is polar covalent, meaning that the bond consists of electrons shared between two atoms (therefore covalent) but shared unequally, thus giving the bond a positive and a negative end, a condition described by the term polar. We can also say that the bond is a dipole or has a dipole moment, meaning that the bond has a positive end (the hydrogen) and a negative end (the chlorine). The more negative atom in a bond is often shown with the symbol and the more positive atom is shown with the symbol. The bond between hydrogen atoms is nonpolar (has no positive and negative ends) covalent (electrons are shared).
An ionic bond is the extreme case of a polar covalent bond. In an ionic bond, the bonding atoms differ so markedly in their attraction for electrons that one or more electrons are essentially transferred from one atom to the other. The sodium-chlorine bond is an example of an ionic bond. The attraction of the chlorine atom for electrons is so much greater than that of a sodium atom that the 3s electron of sodium is said to be completely transferred from sodium to chlorine.
In summary, then, the three types of bonds are: (1) a covalent bond, in which the electrons are shared equally; (2) a polar covalent bond, in which the electrons are shared unequally; and (3) an ionic bond, in which electrons are transferred from one atom to the other. These bonds are illustrated in Figure 7.2.
 
 
B. Predicting Bond Type; Electronegativity
It is possible to predict the type of bond that will form between two elements. The farther apart (left to right) the two elements are in the periodic table, the more ionic and the less covalent will be the bond between them. Thus, metals react with nonmetals to form ions joined predominantly by ionic bonds. Bonds with the highest degree of ionic character are formed by the reaction of alkali or alkaline earth metals with the halogens, particularly with fluorine or chlorine. Nonmetals react together to form covalent bonds. If the bond is between two neighbors in the table, the bond will be less polar than if the nonmetals are separated by other element. For example, carbon and nitrogen are in neighboring columns, and carbon and fluorine are in Groups 4 and 7, respectively. A carbon-nitrogen bond will be less polar than a carbon-fluorine bond. Finally, if the two atoms are of the same element, as in a hydrogen molecule or a chlorine molecule, the bond will be essentially nonpolar.
The concepts in the previous paragraph have been quantified by the concept of electronegativity. The electronegativity (EN) of an element measures its attraction for the electrons in a chemical bond.
One scale of electronegativity was developed by the American chemist Linus Pauling (b. 1901). On this scale, fluorine, the most electronegative element, has an electronegativity of 4.0. Carbon has an electronegativity of 2.5, hydrogen, 2.1, and sodium 0.9. Figure 7.3 shows the electronegativities of the elements with which we deal most often.
 
 
 
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santhosh
67 Points
8 years ago
A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges, either between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of a dipole attraction.
venky
235 Points
8 years ago

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        • Image result for what is chemical bonding
    2. A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemicalsubstances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges, either between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of a dipole attraction.
SHANMUKESHWAR
461 Points
8 years ago
A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges, either between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of a dipole attraction.
Umakant biswal
5349 Points
8 years ago
chemical bonding is besicaaly the bond formed by two chemical compound and its generally strongest in nature /..

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