Classification of matter into Solid, Liquid and Gaseous states:

Gaseous State

Topics: Real gases, deviation from Ideal behavior, compressibility factor, liquefaction of gases, critical constants, Measurable properties of gases, Concept of Absolute scale of temperature, Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities

Laws & Theories: Gas laws, Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Graham’s law of diffusion, Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure, Ideal gas equation, Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates), Van der Waals’s equation

Liquid State

Topics: viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only), Properties of liquids-vapour pressure

Solid State

Classification of Solids

Topics: packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids, Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties, molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), Unit cell and lattices

Laws & Theories: Bragg’s Law and its applications

Topics: shapes of s, p and d orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals, Discovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton and neutron), Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect, Spectrum of hydrogen atom Dual nature of matter, Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, Variation of  *  and * 2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals, various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance

Laws & Theories: Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations, Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s model; de-Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Quantum Mechanical Model of atom, its important features, and concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions, Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule

Topics: Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds, calculation of lattice enthalpy, Covalent Bonding: Concept of electro negativity, dipole moment, Elementary idea of metallic bonding, Hydrogen bonding and its applications

Laws & Theories: Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds, Fajan’s rule, Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules, Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - Its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals, Resonance, Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, anti bonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy

Topics: Fundamentals of Thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes, Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.

Laws & Theories: First law of Thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, Second law of Thermodynamics- Spontaneity of processes, DS of the universe and DG of the system as criteria for spontaneity, DGo (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant

Topics: Colligative properties of dilute solutions - relative lowering of vapour pressure , depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure, Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties, Abnormal value of molar mass, Different methods for expressing concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both),vapour pressure of solutions and vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions

Laws & Theories: Raoult’s Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, Van’t Hoff factor and its significance

Topics: Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, acid - base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions, Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium, Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid -liquid, liquid - gas and solid - gas equilibria, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes, significance of DG and DGo in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst

Laws & Theories: Henry’s law, Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, Le Chatelier’s principle, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization

Topics: Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement, Dry cell and lead accumulator, Fuel cells, Corrosion and its prevention, Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions, Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration

Laws & Theories: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications, Nernst equation and its applications, Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change

Topics: Differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half - lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation), Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst, elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units

Laws & Theories: Arrhenius theory

Topics: Colloidal state - distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids - lyophilic, lyophobic, multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), Emulsions and their characteristics, Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorptions and their characteristics, Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism

Laws & Theories: Factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions, preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation

Topics: ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements - atomic and ionic radii

Laws & Theories: Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table

Topics: Steps involved in the extraction of metals - concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe, Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores, Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals

Topics: Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide, Classification of hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial, Hydrogen as a fuel, Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen, Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water

Topics: Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement; Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca; General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships

Topics: Unique behavior of the first element in each group; Group - 13 to Group 18 Elements-General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups

Group wise study of the p – block elements

Group – 13: Structure, properties and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride and alums, Preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminum

Group – 14: Structure, properties and uses of allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones, Tendency for catenation

Group – 15: Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of phosphorus; Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5)

Group – 16: Preparation, properties, structures and uses of dioxygen and ozone; Allotropic forms of sulphur; Structures of oxoacids of sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation)

Group – 17: Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens; Preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid

Group -18: Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon; Occurrence and uses of noble gases

Topics: Inner Transition Elements- Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction, Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states; Transition Elements- General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behavior, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4

Topics: Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems), Introduction to co-ordination compounds, ligands, co-ordination number, denticity, chelation

Laws & Theories: Werner’s theory; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties

Topics: Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water and soil; Strategies to control environmental pollution

Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and stratospheric

Stratospheric pollution- Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention; Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer - its mechanism and effects.

Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as: Pesticides (insecticides, herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention.

Tropospheric pollutants - Green house effect and Global warming; Acid rain; Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons-their sources, harmful effects and prevention; Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention

Topics: Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography - principles and their applications; Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis, Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens; Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus

Topics: Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p); Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles; Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation; Common types of organic reactions - Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement, Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: - C = C - , - C, C - and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; Homologous series; Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism

Topics: Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.

Topics: Alkanes - Mechanism of halogenations of alkanes.

Laws & Theories: Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane)

Topics: Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism; Ozonolysis, oxidation, and polymerization.

Laws & Theories: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect)

Topics: Alkynes - Acidic character; Polymerization, Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides

Topics: Aromatic hydrocarbons - Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity

Laws & Theories: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: Friedel – Craft’s alkylation and acylation

Topics: Mechanisms of substitution reactions; Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT; General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond

Topics: General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration.

Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation

Laws & Theories: Reimer-Tiemann reaction

Ethers: Structure

Carboxylic Acids- Acidic strength and factors affecting it

Aldehyde and Ketones

Topics: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones

Reactions: Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation; reduction (c and Clemmensen); acidity of hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Halo form reaction

Topics: General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses; Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry; Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character

Topics: General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization - addition and condensation, copolymerization; some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses - polythene, nylon, polyester and Bakelite Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization

Topics: General introduction and importance of biomolecules

Carbohydrates - Classification: aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)

Vitamins - Classification and functions.

Nucleic Acids - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA, Biological functions of nucleic acids

Proteins - Elementary Idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes

Topics: Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents - common examples; Cleansing agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action; Chemicals in medicines - Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, ant fertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamine - their meaning and common examples

Topics: Detection of extra elements (N, S, halogens) in organic compounds; Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform; Chemistry involved in the titrimetric excercises - Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs. KMnO4; Detection of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds

Reactions: Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds: Mohr’s salt, potash alum, Mohr’s salt vs. KMnO4

Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:

Cations - Pb2+ , Cu2+, AI3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+

Anions- CO32-, S2-, SO42-, NO2-, NO3-, CI-, Br, I. (Excluding the insoluble salts)

Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:

Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols

Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature

Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4

Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base