Hey there! We receieved your request
Stay Tuned as we are going to contact you within 1 Hour
One of our academic counsellors will contact you within 1 working day.
Click to Chat
1800-5470-145
+91 7353221155
Use Coupon: CART20 and get 20% off on all online Study Material
Complete Your Registration (Step 2 of 2 )
Sit and relax as our customer representative will contact you within 1 business day
OTP to be sent to Change
Matter:- Anything which possesses mass and occupies space is called matter.
(a) Solid:- It is the type of matter which has a definite shape and a definite volume.
(b) Liquid:- It is the type of matter which has a definite volume but not definite shape.
(c) Gas:- It is the type of matter which has neither definite shape nor definite volume.
Elasticity:-The property by virtue of which a body tends to recover its original configuration (shape and size) on the removal of the deforming forces, is elasticity.
Plastic bodies:- Bodies which do not show a tendency to recover their original configuration on the removal of deforming forces are called plastic bodies.
Stress:- It is defined as the restoring force per unit area.
Stress = F/A
(a) Normal stress:- Stress is called a normal stress if the restoring force acts at right angles to the surface.
(Stress) N = Fsinθ/A
(i) Compressional stress:- This stress produces a decrease in lemgth per volume of the body.
(ii) Tensile stress:- This stress results in increase in length per volume of the body.
(b) Tangential stress:- Stress is said to be tangential if it acts in direction parallel to the surface.
(c) Unit of stress:- S.I- N/m2, C.G.S-dyn/cm2
(d) Dimension of stress:- Stress = F/A = [M1L-1T-2]
(a) Longitudinal strain:- It is the ratio between change in length to its original length.
Longitudinal strain = l/L
(b) Lateral strain:- Lateral strain is the ratio between change in diameter to its original diameter when the cylinder is subjected to a force along its axis.
Lateral strain = change in diameter /original diameter
(c) Volume strain:- It is defined as the ratio between change in volume to its original volume.
Volume strain = v/V
(d) Shear strain:- Shear strain is measured by angle turned by a line originally perpendicular to the fixed face.
Shear strain = ?,
For small angles,
? = tan?
= DD1/AD
= displacement in plane CD/distance of plane CD from fixed plane
So, shear strain is also defined as the ratio between displacements in one plane to its distance from the fixed plane. It has no unit.
(e) Unit of strain:- No unit
(f) Dimension of strain:- [M0L0T0]
It states that with in elastic limits, stress is proportional to strain.
Within elastic limits, tension is proportional to extension.
So, Stress ∝Strain
/A∝l/L
(a) For stretching: Stress = Y×strain or Y = Fl/A(Δl)
(b) For shear: Stress = η×strain or η = F/A?
(c) For volume elasticity: Stress = B×strain or B = - P/(ΔV/V)
Plasticity:- This property of body by virtue of which, it loses property of elasticity and acquires a permanent deformation on the removal of deforming force is called plasticity.
Coefficient of elasticity:- It is the ratio between stress and strain.
Unit - S.I- N/m2, C.G.S - dyn/cm2
Y = normal stress/longitudinal strain = (F/A)/(l/L) = (Mg×L)/(πr2×L)
B = normal stress/volumetric strain = (F/A)/(v/V) = pV/v
Compressibility = 1/B
η = tangential stress/ shear strain = (F/A)/θ = T/θ
Unit of coefficient of elasticity:- S.I- N/m2, C.G.S - dyn/cm2
Dimension of coefficient of elasticity = stress/strain = [M1L-1T-2]
Effect of temperature on co-efficient of elasticity:-
(a) Yt = Y15[1-α (t-15)]
(b) ηt = η15[1-α' (t-15)]
Here Y15 and η15 are the Young’s modulus and the modulus of rigidity at 15ºC whileYt and ηt are the corresponding values at tºC, α and α' are the temperature coefficient for Y and η.
(a) W = ½ ×(stress)×(strain)×(volume) = ½ Y(strain)2×volume = ½ [(stress)2/Y]×volume
(b) Potential energy stored, U = W = ½ ×(stress)×(strain)×(volume)
(c) Potential energy stored per unit volume, U = ½ ×(stress)×(strain)
W =½ F×l = ½ tension ×extension
Energy density = work done/volume
= ½ [(F×l)/(A×L)]
= ½ [stress×strain]
For steel, YS = FL/als
For rubber, YR = FL/alr
Since, ls<lr So, YS> YR
Therefore, steel is more elastic than rubber.
Elastomer:- A substance in which a large strain can be produced due to a small stress is called an elastomer.
Elastic fatigue:- The phenomenon by virtue of which a substance exhibits a delay in recovering its original configuration, if it had been subjected to a stress for a longer time, is called elastic fatigue.
Elasticity of a gas:-
(a) Isothermal change:- If the temperature of the gas remains constant, change is said to be isothermal.
P =-(stress/volumetric strain) = Bi
Here Bi is the Bulk modulus of elasticity under isothermal conditions.
(b) Adiabatic Change:-If the temperature of the gasdoes not remainconstant, the change is said to be adiabatic.
γP =(stress/volumetric strain) = Ba
Here Ba is the Bulk modulus of elasticity under adiabatic conditions.
As γ is always greater than one, therefore Ba> Bi.
Breaking stress:- Breaking stress = Breaking weight /πr2
Poisson’s ratio (σ):- Poisson’s ratio of the material of a wire is defined as the ratio between lateral strains per unit stress to the longitudinal strain per unit stress.
σ = lateral strain/longitudinal strain = β/α = (ΔD/D)/(ΔL/L)
Values of σ lies between -1 and 0.5.
(a) B= Y/[3(1-2σ)]
(b) η = Y/[2(1+ σ)]
(c) 9/Y = 3/η + 1/B
(d) σ = [3B-2η]/[6B+2η]
(a) Depression, δ = Wl3/4Ybd3 (rectangular)
(b) Depression, δ = Wl3/12Yπr2 (cylindrical)
(a) rθ = l? (Where θ is the angle of twist and ? is the angle of shear)
(b) Restoring torque, = cθ
(c) Restoring couple per unit twist, c = πηr4/2l (for solid cylinder)
(d) Restoring couple per unit twist, c = πηr24-r14/2l (for hollow cylinder)
(a) Bisothermal = P
(b) Badiabatic = γP
Here γ = Cp/Cv
Get your questions answered by the expert for free
You will get reply from our expert in sometime.
We will notify you when Our expert answers your question. To View your Question
Solved Examples on Deformable Bodies and Elastic...